微咸水灌溉对冬小麦叶片抗干热风能力的影响

干热风是华北地区冬小麦生产的主要气象灾害之一,同时该区农业用水资源严重短缺,为缓解灌溉水资源不足,华北地区开展了微咸水灌溉应用技术,而微咸水灌溉对冬小麦抗干热风能力的影响尚无定论。为此,在中国科学院禹城综合试验站设置1 g·L–1(淡水对照)、3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1 3个矿化度微咸水在返青—拔节期和开花—灌浆期分别对冬小麦进行灌溉处理,在灌浆期进行干热风模拟试验,观测冬小麦叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理参数。综合4年(2016—2019年)4次试验结果,发现:1)与1 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉相比, 3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉可以显著降低冬小麦叶片光合速率32.2%和59.3%、蒸腾速率29.2%和51.9%、气孔导度30.7%和54.8%。2)干热风可以显著降低叶片光合速率35.4%～86.6%、蒸腾速率35.6%～67.5%、气孔导度36.4%～69.4%。3)在1 g·L–1、3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉下,叶片光合速率干热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.55、0.45和0.74;叶片标准化蒸腾速率(蒸腾速率/水汽压饱和差)热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.54、0.26和0.41;气孔导度干热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.56、0.28和0.43。这些结果表明:1)微咸水灌溉的生理胁迫作用与干热风的生理胁迫作用对叶片光合蒸腾和气孔行为产生的影响具有相似性;2)3g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉比淡水提高了叶片对干热风的生理适应能力,证明适量微咸水灌溉可以提高冬小麦叶片适应干热风的能力。

Effect of brackish water irrigation on the resistibility of winter wheat leaf to dry-hot wind

Brackish water irrigation was carried out in the North China Plain to alleviate the shortage of irrigation water resources. Dry-hot wind is one of the main meteorological disasters for winter wheat in the region; the effect of brackish water irrigation on the ability of winter wheat to resist dry-hot wind is yet inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted field experiments on winter wheat at the Yucheng Comprehensive Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Brackish water irrigation with three salinity levels of 1 g·L^-1, 3 g·L^-1, and 5 g·L^-1 was set up, and the dry-hot wind simulation was conducted in the filling period. In this study, physiological parameters of winter wheat, such as photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of winter wheat were observed. The analysis of the experimental data during four consecutive years (2016-2019), showed the following results: 1) the brackish water with the salinities of 3 g·L^-1 and 5 g·L^-1 could reduce the photosynthetic rate of winter wheat leaves by 32.2% and 59.3%, the transpiration rate by 29.2% and 51.9%, and the stomatal conductance by 30.7% and 54.8% (P<0.05), respectively. 2) Dry-hot wind could reduce the photosynthetic rate by 35.4%-86.6%, the transpiration rate by 35.6%-67.5%, and the stomatal conductance by 36.4%-69.4%, respectively. The irrigation with the salinity levels of 1 g·L^-1, 3 g·L^-1, and 5 g·L^-1 decreased the four-year average dry-hot wind stress index of the photosynthetic rate of winter wheat leaves from 0.55 to 0.45 and then increased to 0.74, while the leaf transpiration rate (the difference in the saturation of water vapor pressure) decreased from 0.54 to 0.26, then increased to 0.41; the four-year average dry-hot wind stress index of the stomatal conductance decreased from 0.56 to 0.28, then increased to 0.43. The above results showed that the physiological stress of brackish water irrigation on photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal behavior was similar to that of dry-hot wind, and the brackish salinity water (3 g·L^-1) irrigation could improve the physiological adaptability of winter wheat leaves to dry-hot wind, reducing the damage caused by dry-hot wind.