基于生物多样性和生态系统服务的生态农场景观设计

近年来随着民众对良好生态环境和优质食品需求的增加,生态农场在我国蓬勃兴起。如何设计和建造生态农场成为新的研究领域。其中将生物多样性和生态系统服务整合到生态农场设计被认为是保障生态农场可持续生产的关键。本研究在回顾生态农场发展历程,分析生态农场中生物多样性的内涵,总结生态农场的景观结构、生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系及其应用的基础上,提出了以提升和利用生物多样性和生态系统服务为目标的生态农场景观结构优化的设计原则。研究建议生态农场的景观设计应主要包括农场与周围景观的关系、种植系统设计和有益生物栖息地的保护和重建3方面的内容,并具体提出了每个方面需遵循的一般设计原则。同时,研究以我国南方水稻主产区新建水稻生态农场设计为例,印证了上述原则和方法在实践中的可行性。研究表明,为了更好地将生物多样性整合到生态农场建设中,未来需要深入认识生物多样性及其生态功能,认识生物多样性与农业产量和收益的关系,开发利用能够促进有益生物多样性和生态系统服务的功能植物,并推动生态农场实施生物多样性保护的生态补偿政策的制定。本研究对推动将生物多样性保护和生态服务管理整合到生态农场设计提供了方法指导和实证,对生态农场的发展建设具有参考借鉴意义。

Preliminary study on landscape design of ecological farms based on biodiversity and ecosystem service

With increasing demands for organic, environmentally friendly, and higher quality foods, ecological farms have flourished in China in recent years. Establishing ecological farms and meeting sustainable food production goals relies heavily on protecting biodiversity and harnessing biodiversity associated ecosystem services. We reviewed the demand and development of ecological farms, established the biodiversity implications, and assessed the relationships between landscape structure, biodiversity, and ecological services as well as the application of landscape design. We proposed general principles for ecological farms design and suggested three aspects to include relationship between farms and surrounding landscapes: designing planting system, protecting and reconstructing beneficial habitats. These principles were demonstrated as a case study on an ecological rice farm in southern China, where landscape ecology principles were applied to the design of off-farm habitats. Water purification and pest control were the primary ecosystem services. Therefore, a variety of plant strips were designed to support sustainable agriculture and enhance the biodiversity and ornamental value of the farm. To better integrate biodiversity and ecological farm construction, an in-depth understanding of the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services, agricultural production and income, and functional plants (that promote biodiversity) are required. Additionally, an ecological compensation policy to encourage biodiversity conservation in ecological farming should be considered. Our study provides general principles and empirical evidence for the integration of biodiversity and ecosystem services into ecological farm design, which promotes an ecological civilization.