无患子物候及开花结果特性1）

为深入了解生物柴油树种无患子（ Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn．）的生长习性，给无患子的整形修剪、花果调控及其它集约培育技术提供理论依据，采用全年追踪、固定花序和果序标记观察、光照度测定等方法对其物候、开花结果习性、结果枝组分类、花序光照度等主要生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明：无患子物候期分休眠期、萌动期、初花期、盛花期、末花期、初果期、果实膨大期、果实成熟期等关键时期；无患子在福建建宁春季大于10℃的日均温8～10 d后开始进入萌动期，在大于18℃后开始抽生出花序，在大于22℃后进入初花期；并且重要花期处于当地降雨量较高时期，会影响花粉活力和受精能力，使果实坐果不稳；无患子的花有可孕花及不可孕花之分，并存在于同一花序上，盛花期时可孕花占（30±3）％、不可孕花占（70±3）％；不可孕花数量在盛花期达到最高点，到达末花期几乎完全脱落，可孕花在末花期到初果期落花率高达49．02％；坐果后，初果期到果实膨大期的落果率高达72．74％，之后坐果便保持稳定；无患子花序为圆锥花序，一个子房成熟后可分离出1～4个果，果实偏大的为心脏形，偏小的为近圆形；无患子结果枝可分为短果枝（10～34 cm），中长果枝（35～57 cm）及长果枝（58～82 cm），其中长果枝产量显著高于其余枝条的产量；结果母枝的基径在大于15 mm时产量逐渐升高；花序光照度调节（524～625）×100 lx之间时，可使坐果率高达78％。

Phenology and Blossom-fruiting Characteristics of Sapindus mukorossi

We used the methods of tracking the inflorescence and infructescence to measure the intensity of illumination and in -vestigate the phenological , blossom-fruiting characteristics , branch classifications , and light intensity of flowers .The phe-nology of soapberry contained dormancy stage , budding stage, initial bloom stage, full-bloom stage, terminal stage, prima-ry fruit stage, fruit expanding stage and early ripe stage .In spring of Fujian Jianning , the budding period of soapberry was 8-10 days at higher than 10℃, the inflorescence started to grow at higher than 18℃, and the initial bloom stage started at 22℃.When important blossom met the local rainy season , the fruit setting was unstable because the pollen ’ s vigour and fertilization were influenced .Soapberry had two types of flowers on the same inflorescence including the fertile flowers and the infertile ones.During the full-bloom stage, the fertile flowers accounted for (30±3)%and the infertile flowers ac-counted for (70±3)%in a tree.The number of infertile flowers reached the zenith when the full-bloom stage arrived, but most of these flowers would drop during the terminal stage .From the late blossom period to the early fruit period , the blos-som dropping rate of fertile flowers reached to 49.02%.After bear fruit, the dropping rate of the fruits reached to 72.74%from the primary fruit stage to the fruit expanding stage , before the rate remained stable .The inflorescence of soapberry was panicle, and each ovary could be separated into 1-4 fruits.The bigger fruits were heart-shaped while the smaller ones had the shape of circle .The branches of soapberry could be divided into short fruiting branches ( length in 10-33 cm) , middle and long fruiting branches (length in 35-56 cm), and long fruit branches (length in 58-82 cm), and long branches showed higher yields of fruits than any other branches .The yield increased gradually when the last-year branch diameter was more than 15 mm.When the inflorescences’ illuminations were adjusted in (524-625)×100 lx, the fruit setting rate reached to 78%.