Effects of soybean variety and Bradyrhizobium strains on yield,protein content and biological nitrogen fixation under cool growing conditions in Germany |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Institute for Organic Agriculture Luxembourg (IBLA), 13 rue Gabriel Lippmann, 5365, Munsbach, Luxembourg;2. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070, Frick, Switzerland;3. Landesbetrieb Landwirtschaft Hessen, Kölnische Str. 48-50, 34117 Kassel, Germany;4. Universität Kassel, Fachgebiet Ökologischer Land-und Pflanzenbau (FÖL), Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37213, Witzenhausen, Germany;5. Universiät Hohenheim, Fachgebiet Biostatistik, Fruwirthstr. 23, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany;6. Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Erwin-Baur-Straße 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany;7. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Kasseler Strasse 1a, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, Shaanxi, China;2. Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México, D.F., Mexico;1. Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea;2. Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Applied Life Science, College of Life and Environmental Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Herbal Medicine Resource, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 245-907, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 336-745, Republic of Korea;1. Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa;3. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya;4. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 5320, Oyo Road, Ibadan, Nigeria;5. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, PMB 3112, Sabo Bakin Zuwo Road, Kano, Nigeria;6. Federal University of Technology, Minna, PMB 65, Minna, Nigeria;1. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrarias de Rosario - CONICET. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Santa Fe, Argentina;2. Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía - IFEVA, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, C1417DSE, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;3. Asociación Argentina de Consorcios Regionales de Experimentación Agrícola, Sarmiento 1236, C1041AAZ, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina;1. DuPont Pioneer, 1111 25th Street, Pleasantville, IA 50225, United States;2. University of Arkansas, 1366 W. Altheimer Dr., Fayetteville, AR 72704, United States;1. Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;2. Delta Research and Extension Center, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA;3. Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA;4. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA;5. Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;6. Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;7. Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA;8. Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;9. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA;10. Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0110, USA;11. Department of Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;12. Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;13. Michigan State University Extension, Allegan, MI 49010, USA;14. Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;15. Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;p. Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA |
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| Abstract: | Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is able to fix atmospheric nitrogen in symbiosis with the bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Because these bacteria are not native in European soils, soybean seeds must be inoculated with Bradyrhizobium strains before sowing to fix nitrogen and meet their yield potential. In Central Europe soybean cultivation is still quite new and breeding of early maturing soybean varieties adapted to cool growing conditions has just started.Under these low temperature conditions in Central Europe the inoculation with different, commercially available Bradyrhizobium inoculants has resulted in unsatisfactory nodulation. The aim of this study was: (i) to test the ability of commercially available inoculants to maximize soybean grain yield, protein content and protein yield, (ii) to study the interaction of different inoculants with different soybean varieties for two different sites in Germany under cool growing conditions over three years and (iii) to determine the variability of biological nitrogen fixation. Field trials were set up on an organically managed site at the Hessische Staatsdomäne Frankenhausen (DFH) and on a conventionally managed site in Quedlinburg (QLB) for three consecutive seasons from 2011 to 2013. Three early maturing soybean varieties—Merlin, Bohemians, Protina—were tested in combination with four different Bradyrhizobium inoculants—Radicin No.7, NPPL-Hi Stick, Force 48, Biodoz Rhizofilm—and compared with a non-inoculated control. Effective inoculation with Bradyrhizobium strains increased grain yield, protein content and protein yield by up to 57%, 26% and 99%, respectively. Grain yield, protein content and protein yield were generally higher in DFH. Average grain yield was 1634 kg ha−1 in QLB (2012–2013) and 2455 kg ha−1 in DFH (2011–2013), average protein content was 386 g kg−1 in QLB and 389 g kg−1 in DFH and average protein yield was 650 kg ha−1 in QLB and 965 kg ha−1 in DFH. The percentage of nitrogen derived from air (Ndfa) ranged between 40% and 57%. Soybeans inoculated with Radicin No. 7 failed to form nodules, and crop performance was identical to the non-inoculated control. Biodoz Rhizofilm, NPPL Hi-Stick and Force 48 are suitable for soybean cultivation under cool growing conditions in Germany. Interactions between soybean variety and inoculant were significant for protein content and protein yield at both sites, but not for nodulation, grain yield, thousand kernel weight and Ndfa. The variety Protina in combination with the inoculant Biodoz Rhizofilm can be recommended for tofu for both tested sites, while Merlin and Protina in combination with Biodoz Rhizofilm are recommended for animal fodder production in DFH. Animal fodder production was not profitable in QLB due to low protein yields. |
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| Keywords: | Inoculation Nodulation Biological nitrogen fixation |
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