Optimising crop production and nitrate leaching in China: Measured and simulated effects of straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilisation |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark;2. Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Huaizhong Lu 286, 050021 Shijiazhuang, China;4. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark;1. Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;2. Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;3. Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Yanjiang District, Jiangsu Province, Rugao 226541, PR China;1. University of Hohenheim, Institute of Farm Management 410C, Schloß, Osthof-Süd, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany;2. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, PR China;1. College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;2. College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;3. Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Yanjiang District of Jiangsu Province, Rugao 226500, PR China;1. College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China;2. Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark;3. INRAE, UR4 URP3F, F-86600 Lusignan, France;4. Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany;5. INRAE, UR1158 AgroImpact, 02000 Barenton-Bugny, France;6. INRAE, UMR1248 AGIR, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;7. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, P.O. Box 601203, 14412 Potsdam, Germany;8. Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, P.le delle Cascine 18, 50144 Firenze, Italy;9. INRAE, US1116 AgroClim, F-84914 Avignon, France;10. Institute of Biometeorology of the National Research Council (CNR-IBIMET), via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy;11. INRAE, UMR1114 EMMAH, F-84914 Avignon, France;1. College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, PR China;2. Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, Sanite-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;3. Water Management Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;1. Departamento de Ingeniería y Suelos, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla, 1004 Santiago, Chile;2. Programa de Magíster en Gestión y Planificación Ambiental, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 1004, Santiago, Chile |
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| Abstract: | The sustainability of growing a maize—winter wheat double crop rotation in the North China Plain (NCP) has been questioned due to its high nitrogen (N) fertiliser use and low N use efficiency. This paper presents field data and evaluation and application of the soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model Daisy for estimating crop production and nitrate leaching from silty loam fields in the NCP. The main objectives were to: i) calibrate and validate Daisy for the NCP pedo-climate and field management conditions, and ii) use the calibrated model and the field data in a multi-response analyses to optimise the N fertiliser rate for maize and winter wheat under different field managements including straw incorporation.The model sensitivity analysis indicated that a few measurable crop parameters impact the simulated yield, while most of the studied topsoil parameters affect the simulated nitrate leaching. The model evaluation was overall satisfactory, with root mean squared residuals (RMSR) for simulated aboveground biomass and nitrogen content at harvest, monthly evapotranspiration, annual drainage and nitrate leaching out of the root zone of, respectively, 0.9 Mg ha?1, 20 kg N ha?1, 30 mm, 10 mm and 10 kg N ha?1 for the calibration, and 1.2 Mg ha?1, 26 kg N ha?1, 38 mm, 14 mm and 17 kg N ha?1 for the validation. The values of mean absolute deviation, model efficiency and determination coefficient were also overall satisfactory, except for soil water dynamics, where the model was often found erratic. Re-validation run showed that the calibrated Daisy model was able to simulate long-term dynamics of crop grain yield and topsoil carbon content in a silty loam field in the NCP well, with respective RMSR of 1.7 and 1.6 Mg ha?1. The analyses of the model and the field results showed that quadratic, Mitscherlich and linear-plateau statistical models may estimate different economic optimal N rates, underlining the importance of model choice for response analyses to avoid excess use of N fertiliser. The analyses further showed that an annual fertiliser rate of about 300 kg N ha?1 (100 for maize and 200 for wheat) for the double crop rotation with straw incorporation is the most optimal in balancing crop production and nitrate leaching under the studied conditions, given the soil replenishment with N from straw mineralisation, atmospheric deposition and residual fertiliser.This work provides a sound reference for determining N fertiliser rates that are agro-environmentally optimal for similar and other cropping systems and regions in China and extends the application of the Daisy model to the analyses of complex agro-ecosystems and management practices under semi-arid climate. |
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| Keywords: | Double crop rotation Dynamic modelling Maize Model evaluation Nitrogen response curves Soil mineral nitrogen Winter wheat |
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