Yield and yield components of wheat and maize in wheat–maize intercropping in the Netherlands |
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| Institution: | 1. Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, CAAS/ Key Laboratory of Dryland Agriculture, MOA, Beijing 100081, China;2. Meteorological Bureau of Shouyang, Shanxi Province, Shanxi 045400, China;1. Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, Département de Phytotechnie, Hassan Badi 16200 El Harrach, Algiers, Algeria;2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Biosystems and Technology, Box 103, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden;3. Université Djilali Bounaama Khemis Miliana, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie & des Sciences de la Terre. Route Theniet El Had, Soufay, 44225 Ain Defla, Algeria;4. INRA, UMR Eco&Sols, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France;1. Center for Resources, Environment and Food Security, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;2. Institute of Agricultural Resources & Environment, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China;3. Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Wageningen University, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;2. Wageningen University, Plant Production Systems group, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands;1. Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;2. College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China;3. National Engineering Research Center for Water Saving Irrigation at Yangling, Yangling 712100, China;1. Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Campus of Agriculture & Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran;3. Saffron Institute, University of Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Torbat-e-Heydarieh, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Intercropping is widely used by smallholder farmers in developing countries, and attracting attention in the context of ecological intensification of agriculture in developed countries. There is little experience with intercropping of food crops in Western Europe. Yields in intercrops depend on planting patterns of the mixed species in interaction with local growing conditions. Here we present data of two years field experimentation on yield and yield components of a wheat–maize intercrop system in different planting configurations in the Netherlands. Treatments included sole crops of wheat (SW) and maize (SM), a replacement intercrop consisting of strips of six wheat rows alternating with two maize rows (6:2WM), as well as subtractive or additive designs, based on skip-row (6:0WM, 0:2WM) and add-row (8:2WM, 6:3WM) configurations. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of intercrops varied from 1.18 to 1.30 in 2013 and from 0.97 to 1.08 in 2014. Wheat grown in the border rows of wheat strips had higher ear number per meter row, greater kernel number per ear, and greater yield per meter row than wheat in inner rows and sole wheat, indicating reduced competition. Wheat in the border rows in the intercrops had, however, reduced thousand kernel weight and harvest index, indicating that competition in border rows intensified over time. Intercropping negatively affected maize biomass and thousand kernel weight, especially in add-row treatments. This study indicates that there is a potential yield benefit for the wheat–maize intercropping system under Western European growing conditions. However, the LER was affected by yearly variation in weather conditions and significantly greater than one in only one of the two years of the study. |
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| Keywords: | Europe Intercrop configurations Border row effect LER |
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