畜舍颗粒物减排技术研究现状

随着大规模集约化畜牧业的发展，畜牧生产过程中产生的大量悬浮颗粒物（Particulate Matter，PM），已成为大气颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的重要来源。畜舍粉尘主要来源于饲料、粪便、皮屑、毛发等，其表面附着有细菌、真菌、病毒等致病微生物以及氨气、硫化氢等有害气体，不但严重威胁畜牧场工作人员和家畜的健康，还导致周边大气环境污染。科学适用的PM减排技术是保障畜舍及周边环境空气质量的重要手段。该研究概述了畜舍PM的排放源、特征及危害，从源头、过程、末端3个环节分别论述了国内外畜舍颗粒物减排技术的研究现状及存在问题。源头减排包括饲料、清粪工艺、饲养模式等方面的优化，经济且高效。过程减排包括喷雾降尘、通风除尘、静电除尘等技术，旨在降低舍内悬浮在空气中的颗粒物。喷雾技术相对成熟，但易滋生细菌且不适用于低温季节；通风技术对去除畜舍PM上应用最为广泛且高效，需要综合考虑满足畜舍通风换气与降尘的要求；静电除尘技术对人畜无干扰，但在除尘效率和二次扬尘方面有待进一步优化。末端减排包括洗涤降尘技术与过滤降尘技术，目的是减少PM对外界大气环境的污染。洗涤技术可以去除排气中多种污染物，但设备易腐蚀；过滤技术成本低，对大颗粒物的去除效率高，但易堵塞。该研究对畜舍PM减排技术研究现状进行综述，以期为未来开发高效、节能、经济、环保的畜舍PM减排技术提供参考。

Research status on particulate reduction technology in livestock houses

Abstract: With the development of large-scale intensive animal husbandry, a large amount of particulate matter (PM) originated from livestock houses has become an important source of atmospheric particles PM10 and PM2.5. The dust of the livestock houses mainly originates from the feed, manure, dander, hair, etc., and carries various types of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and harmful gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. No doubt that livestock related PM can seriously threaten not only the health of livestock farm workers and animals, but also the surrounding atmospheric environment. Applicable technologies of PM emission reduction are the important methods to maintain the comfortable indoor air quality as well as the ambient environment. This review firstly overviewed the emission sources, characteristics, and hazards of PM in livestock houses. Then, major focuses were put into the research status and problems of state-of-the-art reduction technologies of PM in livestock houses. In this part, the reduction technologies were classified into three groups: source reduction methods, process reduction methods, and terminal reduction methods. According to literature review, the source control of PM in livestock houses was generally done by changing either the form of feed or adding feed additives (e.g., animal fat, tallow). Source emission reduction included optimization of feed, manure removal technology, and breeding mode, etc. However, reports showed that both modification of feed form and usage of feed additives might negative affect the growth of animals, and affect animal welfare to a certain extent. Process control includes spray technology, optimization of ventilation system, and electrostatic precipitator technology, which were designed to reduce the particulate matter suspended in the barn air. The spray technology was relatively mature, low in cost, and high in efficiency. But it was easy to breed bacteria, which affected the health of animals, and it was also not suitable for low temperature season. Dust removal via ventilation was the most widely used and efficient way for removing PM in livestock houses, and requirements of ventilation and dust reduction in livestock houses should be taken into comprehensive consideration. Electrostatic precipitator technology was divided into three categories: electrostatic space charge system (ESCS), dry electrostatic precipitator (DESP), and wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) according to different structures, which had no interference to humans and animals, but their efficiency were needed to be further optimized. Terminal control included scrubber technology and filter technology, aiming to reduce the harm to the ambient environment. Scrubber technology could effectively remove multiple pollutants in the air by means of chemical and biological methods, but such equipments were more susceptible to corrosion. Filter technology was a cheap method and had a good dust-reducing performance on large particles. However, it was easy to clog, resulting in an increased air resistance and decreased efficiency of dust reduction. By comparing and analyzing the research status of various emission reduction technologies, hopefully, it could serve as a reference for the future development of high-efficiency, energy-saving, economical, and environment-friendly reduction technologies of particulate matter in livestock houses.