Effects of forest fragmentation on the granivory of differently sized seeds

The Maulino forest is a unique temperate ecosystem restricted to a small range of the coast of central Chile. This forest harbors many endemic species, and is threatened due to intensive deforestation and fragmentation. Currently the Maulino forest is composed of a suite of small fragments scattered in a landscape dominated by exotic plantations. The fragmentation of the Maulino forest has resulted in a higher abundance of granivores in small forest fragments compared with continuous forest. In order to determine if fragmentation-induced changes in granivore abundance affects the granivory of different size seeds, we experimentally assessed seed predation of a large-seeded species Nothofagus glauca (Phil.) Krasser] and a small-seeded species Nothofagus obliqua (Mirbel) Oersted] in the edges and interior of one continuous (large) forest and three small fragments (∼3 ha) surrounded by plantations of the exotic tree Pinus radiata. To determine what kind of granivores are preying upon seeds, seeds of both species were excluded from and exposed to large and small granivores. Granivory was higher in small fragments than in continuous forest, higher in the edges than in the forest interior, and higher upon large than on small seeds. Rodents, which were more abundant in forest fragments, were the main consumers. Thus, fragmentation indeed affects granivory increasing the consumption of seeds by predators inhabiting the Maulino forest remnants or coming from the matrix. This change may affect the future structure of the tree community in forest fragments.