Carbon pools and fluxes in small temperate forest landscapes: Variability and implications for sampling design

Assessing forest carbon storage and cycling over large areas is a growing challenge that is complicated by the inherent heterogeneity of forest systems. Field measurements must be conducted and analyzed appropriately to generate precise estimates at scales large enough for mapping or comparison with remote sensing data. In this study we examined spatial variability in three small temperate forest landscapes. Our objectives were (1) to quantify the magnitude and scale of variability in stand structure, carbon pools and carbon fluxes and (2) to assess how this variability influences both optimal sampling strategy and required sampling intensity. Stand structure was consistently less variable than carbon pools or fluxes, suggesting that measuring carbon dynamics may require more intense sampling than traditional forestry inventories. Likewise, the magnitude of variability differed substantially among response variables, implying that sampling efficiency can be enhanced by adopting a flexible sampling strategy that is optimized for each carbon pool. Our results indicate that plots dispersed across the study area are generally more effective than clustered plots for characterizing carbon dynamics.