抗草甘膦棉花研究进展

抗草甘膦棉花最早于1997在美国释放,它是通过将编码抗草甘膦酶5-烯醇式丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶基因导入珂字棉312而获得的抗性株.抗草甘膦棉花在美国的种植面积占棉花总种植面积从1997年的3.2%到增加到2005年的60%左右.在这近十年内,抗草甘膦棉花虽然得到了广泛的种植,但也存在着不少问题,其中最为突出的是草甘膦的施用方法和时期的不正确操作对抗草甘膦棉花的根系生长、育性和产量都产生了负面影响.这主要是因为:1、外界因素,包括草甘膦施用方法在内的其他栽培措施和不利的环境条件,如高温,对抗草甘膦棉花的产量及生长的影响;2、内部因素,抗草甘膦棉花不同器官对草甘膦的吸收量及抗草甘膦基因的表达量差异有关.因此,本文从抗草甘膦棉花对草甘膦的吸收分配、草甘膦的施用量和时期对抗草甘膦棉花根系生长、花药开裂及产量等方面综述了这些年来抗草甘膦棉花在应用过程中的问题,并且对今后抗草甘膦棉花育种方面作了展望.

Progresses on the Glyphosate-resistant Cotton

Glyphosate-resistant cotton (GRC) cultivars were firstly released in 1997 in the USA. The GRC was generated through transformation of Ciker 312 with a gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. The GRC hectarage reached only about 3.2% of the USA cotton hectarage in 1997 and increased to around 60% in 2005. Although the GRC was widely accepted by farmers, some problems had occurred. For example, the negative impacts on root growth and development, male sterile, and yield loss of GRC caused by incorrect glyphosate application method and timing. They were mainly due to 1, exterior factors, which were involved in improper cultivation practices such as misuse of glyphosate and unfavorable environmental factors like high temperature; 2, interior factors, which included the variation of accumulation and allocation of glyphosate absorbed by GRC and of expression extent of glyphosate-resistant gene in different tissues. Therefore, this paper was reviewed on the problems of GRC that had been appeared in the past decades from uptake of glyphosate by GRC, effects of glyphosate application rates and timing on root growth, anther dehiscence, and yield of GRC aspects. Furthermore, we also discussed the development and breeding of GRC in the future.