新疆海岛棉主要育成品种性状特征与系谱来源分析

【目的】了解中国新疆海岛棉育成品种性状表现,研究其遗传基础,为资源利用提供支持。【方法】2013~2016年,对58份新疆海岛棉育成品种资源材料采用同一生态区连续集中种植的方法进行鉴定,研究其性状表现和系谱关系。【结果】枯萎病发病率品种间变异系变数大,达到89.2%,果枝类型次之,为48.6%;株高(13.0%)、始果枝节位(15.0%)、单株铃数(18.0%)、纤维强力(10.7%)、纤维黄度(11.0%)变异系数较高,其他性状变异较小(＜10%)。除早期育成的4个品种外,不同时期育成品种均为零式果枝类型,平均株高、单铃重、子指、纤维长度、比强度呈逐年代增加的趋势,2010年后增长较为迅速,较2000年品种分别增加13.4%、9.7%、8.1%、5.5%、9.8%,枯萎病抗性显著提高,衣分增加较慢,絮色变白,近年来主栽品种铃期微增,单株铃数、铃重增加,抗病性变强。从系谱看,新疆海岛棉育成品种主要来源于中亚埃及型,其中8763И、5230Ф和2И3、9122И主要分别用于吐鲁番盆地和塔里木盆地品种的改良,不同时期突破性的中间材料的注入是新疆海岛棉纤维品质、抗性提升的基础。性状聚类结果与系谱分析一致。【结论】中国新疆海岛棉品种近10a育成品种在主要经济性状方面较之前品种提升迅速,特别是铃重、纤维品质与抗病性改良作用显著。育成品种骨干亲本主要来源于中亚国家,早期品种遗传基础狭窄,2010年品种遗传背景较为复杂。海岛棉育种应在优质、高效、可持续的前提下,寻求扩大资源来源途径,挖掘种质潜力,丰富品种类型,为新疆海岛棉产业发展提供支撑。

Characteristics and Pedigree Analysis of Main Cultivated Varieties of Xinjiang Sea-Island Cotton (G.barbadense L.)

【Objective】 To fully understand the performance of Xinjiang island cotton varieties, explore its genetic basis, and provide support for further utilization of resources.【Method】From 2013 to 2016 years, 58 varieties of Xinjiang island cotton were identified by continuously centralized planting in the same ecological area, their characteristics and genealogical relationships were studied.【Result】The incidence of Fusarium Wilt with coefficient variation (CV) was higher in different varieties, and reached 89.2%. The fruit spur type was 48.6%, plant height (13.0%), first sympodial branch section (15.0%), boll number (18%), (10.7%) fiber strength and fiber yellowness (11.0%) coefficient of variation were higher, and other characteristics were lower (＜10%). In addition to the 4 varieties of early bred cultivars, the varieties developed in different periods were of zero-type branch type. The average plant height, boll weight, seed index, fiber length and specific strength increased year by year. After 2010s, their growth was more rapid, 13.4and 9.7and 8.1and 5.5 and 9.8 faster respectively than those of the varieties of 2000s. The disease resistance to Fusarium wilt was significantly increased, lint percentage increased slowly and the floc color turned white. In recent years, the boll period of the main cultivar increased slightly, the number of bolls per plant and boll weight increased, and the disease resistance became stronger. From the pedigree point of view, the varieties of Xinjiang island cotton were mainly derived from the Egyptian type in Central Asia, in which 8763И, 5230Ф and 2И3, 9122И were mainly used to improve the varieties in Turpan Basin and Tarim Basin, respectively. The injection of breakthrough intermediate materials in different periods was the basis for the improvement of fiber quality and resistance of Xinjiang island cotton. The results of cluster analysis were consistent with pedigree analysis. 【Conclusion】The main economic characters of the varieties bred in Xinjiang Island Cotton in the past 10 years have increased rapidly, especially in the improvement of boll weight, fiber quality and disease resistance. The mainstay parents of bred varieties mainly come from the countries of Central Asia,with narrow genetic basis in their early varieties, but the genetic background of 2010s varieties is complicated. On the premise of high quality, high efficiency and sustainability, island breeding in the future should seek further ways to expand resource sources, tap germplasm potential, enrich variety types, and provide support for the development of island cotton industry of island cotton in Xinjiang.