Differential effects of age-structured common carp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis>) stocks on pond invertebrate communities: implications for recreational and wildlife use of farm ponds |
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Authors: | Janusz Kloskowski |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Nature Conservation, Institute of Biology, M. Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland |
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Abstract: | Sustainable development of common carp Cyprinus carpio pond fisheries in Europe postulates their multifunctional use, integrating exploitation of aquaculture resources with recreational
services and maintenance of high levels of local biodiversity. Age classes of farmed carp are grown separately and pond ecosystems
may be differently affected by different ontogenetic stages of fish. To examine these relationships, a study was conducted
on spring and summer diet of carp, invertebrate abundance and community structure, and water quality characteristics in ponds
stocked with three carp age classes in SE Poland. With the exception of young-of-the-year fish in spring, benthic dipterans
prevailed in the diets of all carp age classes and their consumption increased from spring to summer. Zooplankton featured
in the diet of carp only in spring. Medium- and large-sized cladocerans predominated among microcrustaceans found in the guts
of one- and two-year-old carp. Consequently, in summer, total biomass of medium- and large-sized cladoceran grazers was substantially
lower in ponds stocked with older-age fish than in ponds used for production of 1-summer-old fingerlings. The relatively sparse
submerged vegetation cover and low water transparency in ponds with older fish stocks compared to ponds with young-of-the-year
carp indicate a transition to a turbid water state mediated by a trophic cascade mechanism in the presence of older-age fish.
Densities of water-column macroinvertebrates decreased with the age of carp in the ponds. These results suggest that non-aquaculture
use of carp ponds should be diversified according to their environmental quality. Fingerling rearing ponds are more suitable
for environmentally friendly multifunctional use than ponds with older stocks. |
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