Absence of geographical structure of morphological variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Juniperus oxycedrus</Emphasis> L. subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">oxycedrus</Emphasis> in the Balkan Peninsula |
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Authors: | Robert Brus Dalibor Ballian Peter Zhelev Marija Pand?a Martin Bobinac Jane Acevski Yannis Raftoyannis Kristjan Jarni |
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Institution: | (1) Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;(2) Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;(3) Department of Dendrology, University of Forestry, 10 Kliment Ochridsky Bulvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;(4) Primary School ‘Murterski škoji’, Put škole 8, 22243 Murter, Croatia;(5) Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;(6) Faculty of Forestry, University of Skopje ‘Cyril and Methodius’, Bul. Aleksandar Makedonski bb, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia;(7) Department of Forestry and Environmental Management, Technological and Educational Institute of Lamia, 36100 Karpenisi, Greece |
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Abstract: | We examined leaf and mature seed cone variation of Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in 12 natural populations across the species range in the Balkan Peninsula. We measured 10 morphological traits from a minimum
of 100 leaves in each of 190 individuals, and two morphological traits from 30–50 seed cones in each of 94 females. High phenotypic
variation was found, but no geographical structure or cline across populations was detected for any of the studied traits.
Mean values of comparable leaf and cone morphological traits did not differ considerably from values reported elsewhere. Gender
dimorphism in leaf morphology was detected, but it was not distributed uniformly throughout the studied area. An ANOVA model
with both nested and crossed effects revealed that the largest proportion of the total variation was, as expected, contained
within populations, partly as among-tree variation (18–47%, depending on the trait) and partly as within-tree variation (33–77%),
which was remarkably high. Gender dimorphism explained only 0–3% of the total variation. Differences among populations (2–23%)
were significant for all studied traits except one; however, PCA showed no clear geographical differentiation of the studied
populations. This lack of phylogeographical structure may be the consequence of repeatedly occurring colonisation-retreat
scenarios and suggests the existence of several small refugial populations scattered over a large part of the Balkan Peninsula
in the Pleistocene. Further research including palaeobotanical and molecular genetic studies will be needed to better understand
the forces that shaped current variation patterns of J. oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus in the Balkan Peninsula. |
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