Characterization of hairs and pappi from Cynara cardunculus capitula and their suitability for paper production |
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| Authors: | Jorge Gominho Ana Lourenço Maria Curt Jesús Fernández Helena Pereira |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal;2. Departamento de Produccion Vegetal, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Botanica y Proteccion Vegetal, Av. Complutense s/n 28040-Madrid, Spain;1. Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal;2. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain;3. Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007, Lisboa, Portugal;1. Institute of Applied Research, Galilee Society (Affiliated with University of Haifa), P.O. Box 437, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel;2. Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee 12208, Israel;3. Department of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 12, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;4. Department of Natural Resources, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel;1. Unidade de Bioenergia, LNEG – Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal;2. CQM, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal;1. College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;2. Xinjiang Production & Construction Corps, Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, Tarim University, Alaer City 843300, China;3. Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471023, China;1. Unidad de Biofísica (Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV, EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Aptdo. 644, 48080 Leioa, Spain;2. Departamento de Biología UPIBI-IPN, Mexico;3. Laboratorio de Fisiología, Laboratorios del Área de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico;4. Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Secretaría de Salud México (SS), Mexico City, Mexico;5. Laboratorio de Bioquímica Toxicológica, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias y Pesqueras, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico |
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| Abstract: | The capitula of Cynara cardunculus contain hairs and pappi representing 7% of the total plant biomass. These low density biomass components could be mechanically separated without apparent losses using a whole-plant processing prototype. Hairs and pappi are filamentous structures made up of longitudinally aligned fibre cells, without intercellular voids or pitting, with the following dimensions regarding length, width and wall thickness: 1.35 mm, 19.8, and 4.8 μm for hairs and 1.78 mm, 10.4, and 2.9 μm for pappi. Chemically hairs and pappi have low content of ash (1.9% and 1.1%, respectively), extractives (5.4% and 6.0%) and lignin (10.6% and 17.8%), and high content of holocellulose (77.5% and 72.8%) and α-cellulose (55.2% and 46.8%).Pulps could be produced using a conventional kraft process with high yields and low residual lignin, e.g. 63% at Kappa 7 for hairs and 48% at Kappa 11 for pappi, low coarseness values (0.04 and 0.03 mg m?1) and adequate pulp properties for paper (40 and 42 N mg?1 tensile index; 3.6 and 3.4 kPa m2 g?1 burst index in unrefined pulps of hairs and pappi, respectively). The results also indicated that there is scope for improving pulp quality by optimising pulping conditions to this type of new raw materials. The differences between hairs and pappi may also be further exploited namely the lower lignin content of hairs and the higher slenderness and wall thickness of pappi fibres.The utilization of hairs and pappi may strengthen the differentiated use of biomass fractions of the Cynara plant and its potential as a bioenergy crop. |
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