Studies on Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa as an alternative pulp blend for softwood: An optimization of kraft delignification process |
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| Authors: | Dharm Dutt JS Upadhyay Bahadur Singh CH Tyagi |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India;2. Haryana Pollution Control Board, District Office Yamuna Nagar, India;1. School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;2. College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;3. Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;4. Key Laboratory of New Materials and Facilities for Rural Renewable Energy (Ministry of Agriculture), Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 45002, Henan, China;5. Southern Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA;1. Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Technology, Biju Pattnaik University of Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India;2. Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Sriramchandra Vihar, Takatpur, Baripada, 757003, Odisha, India;1. School of Chemical and Bioengineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;2. Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal;3. Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;1. Departamento de Engenharia Têxtil, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN, 59.072-970, Natal, Brazil;2. Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte UFRN, 59.072-970, Natal, Brazil;3. 2C2T - Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Têxtil, Departamento de Engenharia Têxtil, Universidade do Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China |
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| Abstract: | Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa, agro-based residues consist of bast and wood fibers which resemble to those of softwood and hardwood, respectively. The runkel ratio of core fibers H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa is comparable to that of Picca abies, whereas, it is much less than those of hardwood like Eucalyptus tereticornis. The slenderness ratio of H. cannabinus is much closer to P. abies in comparison to H. sabdariffa whereas, it is 7.7 and 13% less than E. tereticornis. The flexibility coefficient of H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa are slightly lower than that of P. abies but it is 59.6 and 57.0% are more than that of E. tereticornis. It indicates that morphological characteristics of core fibers of H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa closely resemble to that of softwood except fiber length which can be compensated by long bast fibers. Due to identical pulping conditions, H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa can be delignified together by kraft pulping process. The optimum cooking conditions for H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa were found to be as, active alkali 16%, sulfidity 20%, temperature 160 °C, time (at temperature) 120 min and wood to liquor ratio of 1:4.5. An anthraquinone (AQ) dose of 0.05% at an active alkali dose of 13% (as Na2O) produces the screening rejects and kappa number similar to that obtained by using 15% active alkali (as Na2O). The reaction kinetics study indicates that delignification is of first order. Low sulfidity AQ additive kraft pulping at constant H-factor produces better strength properties compared to non-additive kraft cooks. |
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