Salicylate and biomass yield,and leaf phenolics of dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.) clones under different cultivation methods after the second cultivation cycle |
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Authors: | Ria Paunonen Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto Riitta Tegelberg Matti Rousi Susanne Heiska |
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Affiliation: | 1. University of Joensuu, Faculty of Biosciences, Biology, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;2. University of Helsinki, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Plant Biology, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;3. The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland;1. Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, 320 W 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;2. Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, The University of Illinois, 1201 S. Dorner Dr., Urbana, IL 61801, USA;3. The Division of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Illinois, 905 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA;4. Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA;5. Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 905 S. Goodwin Ave., The University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;1. Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;2. Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;3. INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, F-44316 Nantes, France;1. College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China;3. College of Horticulture, Sicuan Agricultural University, Ya’an 625014, PR China;1. Natural Products Research Laboratories, Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;2. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432 Ås, Norway |
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Abstract: | Willow based herbal products containing salicin and its derivatives can be used to alleviate aches and fevers. To guarantee the high quality of the willow drugs and moderate low cultivation and transportation costs, the willows with high salicylate concentrations are recommended for herbal production. Dark-leaved willow (Salix myrsinifolia Salisb.) with its high salicylate content is a promising source of herbal drugs. In the present study, seven dark-leaved willow clones were cultivated under short-rotation system with a two-year cultivation cycle. The yields of salicylates and biomass, and the concentrations of foliar phenolics were determined after the second cultivation cycle. Willow clones were treated by different cultivation methods, i.e. combinations of mulching (black polythene vs. cutter chip) and fertilisation (0, 25, 150 kg ha?1, N), with the objective of evaluating the most productive clone and cultivation method for herbal willow production. Furthermore, we compared our results to those obtained after the first cultivation cycle. Results showed that the yields of salicylates and biomass, and the concentrations of all foliar phenolic metabolites varied significantly amongst the clones. Biomass yields and salicylate yield were increased by polythene mulching, but the level of response varied between clones. Fertilisation (only the highest rate) caused an increase in yields, but the effect of fertilisation was smaller than that of mulching. Salicylate yield of most clones was higher than that had been during the previous rotation. Phenolic analyses showed that the concentrations of chlorogenic acid, total p-OH-cinnamic acids and soluble condensed tannins were higher in the willows grown in polythene mulch plots than in willows grown on cutter chip mulched plots. Furthermore, the concentrations of diglucoside of SaOH, salicin, disalicortin 1, disalicortin 2, chlorogenic acid, total chlorogenic acids and total flavonoids were higher in fertilized than in unfertilized willows. Salicortin, which was the most abundant salicylate, and total salicylates were not affected by fertilisation and mulching. The effects of fertilisation and mulching on several phenolics were clone-dependent. In conclusion, after two cultivation cycles, the cultivation methods were not effective in increasing the foliar total salicylate concentration, but rather increased the salicylate yield by enhancing the biomass of the synthesising tissues. Since biomass production was increased by the second cultivation cycle, the cultivation of herbal willows under a two-year cycle is recommended. The highly variable responses of the clones to treatments indicate that profitable willow cultivation for herbal industry is based on the right clone selection. |
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