Improving the use of kenaf for kraft pulping by using mixtures of bast and core fibers |
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| Authors: | JC Villar E Revilla N Gómez JM Carbajo JL Simón |
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| Institution: | 1. N.AG.RE.F., Komotini Agricultural Research Station, M. Serron 18, Komotini 69100, Greece;2. IBFC-Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, 348 Western Xianjiahuxi Road, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China;3. Ministry of Rural Development and Food, General Directorate of Animal Production, Athens, Greece;4. CRES—Center for Renewable Energy Sources and Saving, 19th km Marathonos Avenue, 19009 Pikermi Attikis, Greece;1. Department of Chemistry, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Postbox 6050, Langnes, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;2. Arctic Technology Centre, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 118, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark;1. Department of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;2. Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;4. Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor. Malaysia;5. Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (AMIC), Cyberjaya, Malaysia;6. Deanship of Graduate Studies, The Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia;1. Technische Universität Dresden, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany;2. Åbo Akademi University, Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry and Reaction Engineering, 20500 Turku, Finland |
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| Abstract: | Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is a herbaceous annual plant amenable to use as a papermaking raw material. Kraft and soda pulping of kenaf have so far been done exclusively on the bark fraction (about 34–38% of the stem) or whole stem of the plant. Using kenaf bark exploits the higher quality of its bast fibers but reduces the typically high crop yields of this plant. In any case, core kraft pulp has acceptable properties some of which (e.g. tensile index, burst index) can even surpass those of bark pulp. Pulp made from both fractions has been found to exhibit better bonding properties than bark pulp. However, too high a proportion of core fibers can result in difficult drainage, a low tear strength or poor air permeability. These problems restrict the proportion of core that can be mixed with bast fibers, hinders separation of the two fractions and raises operational costs.The primary purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the core–bark ratio on the properties of mixed kenaf pulp. We used unrefined core pulp and refined bark pulp. Based on the results for kraft sacks, obtaining kenaf paper from both fractions has some advantages. Because Gurley air porosity changed dramatically with the proportion of core pulp used, it was used to determine the maximum amount of core fibers to be added to bast fibers. A proportion of up to 34% was found to have no adverse effect on air permeability. Such a proportion allowed paper strength to be preserved with an acceptable tear index (19.8 mN m2/g) and excellent tensile index (72 N m/g). Also, energy consumption was reduced if only the bark fraction was refined. The proposed strategy thus provides increased fiber yields of kenaf per hectare per year and valorizes the core fraction. |
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