黄河故道地区果园土壤和叶片营养特点研究

系统分析了河南省黄河故道地区砂土、淤土、两合土苹果园土壤和叶片营养状况。结果表明：①故道地区苹果丰产园土壤有机质含量为1．01％；一般园只有0．5％～0．7％，其中砂土园最低，淤土园居中，两合土园稍高。②土壤矿质营养是富钾缺磷，全氮低，速效氮高，微量元素有效性差。一般果园速效P、有效Fe、有效Zn和有效B含量显著低于丰产园，分别为丰产园的69．9％、50．5％、87．0％和55．2％，是该类果园提高产量和品质的限制因素。③丰产园叶片主要矿质养分含量N2．2150％、P0．1968％、K1．3190％、Fe198．1mg·1-1、Zn21．5mg·1-1、B45．1mg·1－1；N∶P∶K=11．2∶1∶6．6。一般果园突出问题是：叶片P、Fe、Zn、B含量均不足丰产园的70％；N∶P∶K=15．9∶1∶8．6，N／P比和K／P比偏高。④故道地区苹果园土壤管理制度应改清耕休闲制为生草、覆草制，大量供应有机肥，改善土壤理化性质；施肥应控氮增磷适量供钾，有针对性的供微量元素。

Study on the Nutrition Characters of the Leaves of the Apple Trees and Orchard Soils in the Yellow River's Old Flooded Area

The nutrient of the leaves of apple trees and the orchard soils in the Yellow River's old flooded area in Henan province were studied. Results showed (1) The percentages of organic matter in the high and average yield orchards were 1.01% and 0.5% ~ 0.7%, respectively, among which the sandy soil orchards were of low level and for the clay and loam soils were of higher and highest level. (2) The mineral nutrients have a distinguishable feature: rich in potassium, low in nitrogenous complexs, high in effective nitrogenous content which are absorbed quickly and less effective with trace elements. The contents of rapidly absorbed phosphorus, effective iron, zinc and boron in the average yield orchards were remarkably lower than that in the high yield orchards. The percentage of each of the elements mentioned above in the average yield orchards accounted for 69.9%, 50.5%, 87% and 55.2% respectively to the contents of high yield orchards.(3) The mineral element contents in the apple leaves of the high yield orchards were: N-2. 215%,P-0.1968%,K-1.319%, Fe-198.1mg.1-1, Zn-21.5mg.1-1 and P-45.1mg.1-1,N:K= 11.2:1:6.6. But in the average yield orchards there were serious deficiencies in phosphorus,iron, zinc and boron. The contents of these elements were 70% less those in the high yield orchards, N: P: K= 15. 9: 1: 8. 6,N/P and K/P being higher. In order to improve the soil fertility, growing grass, mulching, applying organic manures, more fertilizing P and some needed microelements were recommended.