The role of creatine in the generation of N-methylacrylamide: a new toxicant in cooked meat |
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Authors: | Yaylayan Varoujan A Locas Carolina Perez Wnorowski Andrzej O'Brien John |
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Institution: | Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada. varoujan.yaylayan@mcgill.ca |
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Abstract: | Investigations of different sources of acrylamide formation in model systems consisting of amino acids and sugars have indicated the presence of two pathways of acrylamide generation; the main pathway specifically involves asparagine to directly produce acrylamide after a sugar-assisted decarboxylation step, and the second, nonspecific pathway involves the initial formation of acrylic acid from different sources and its subsequent interaction with ammonia and/or amines to produce acrylamide or its N-alkylated derivatives. Aspartic acid, beta-alanine, and carnosine were found to follow the acrylic acid pathway. Labeling studies using (13)C-4]aspartic acid have confirmed the occurrence in this amino acid of a previously proposed sugar-assisted decarboxylation mechanism identified in the asparagine/glucose model system. In addition, creatine was found to be a good source of methylamine in model systems and was responsible for the formation of N-methylacrylamide through the acrylic acid pathway. Labeling studies using creatine (methyl-d(3)) and (15)NH(4)Cl have indicated that both the nitrogen and the methyl groups of methylamine had originated from creatine. Furthermore, analysis of cooked meat samples has also confirmed the formation of N-methylacrylamide during cooking. |
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