油菜精量播种技术研究进展

油菜精量播种技术是机械化、规模化种植实现节本增效的重要途径之一,也是油菜全程机械化的研究重点和难点。本文分析了国内外油菜生产概况和主要播种装备,重点阐述了油菜播种环节的精量排种、种床整理和播种智能化等关键技术的研究现状和发展动态。油菜精量排种技术作为精量播种的基础和核心,依据不同的结构和原理分为单体式排种技术和集中式排种技术;阐明了油菜种植的播种深度和畦沟深度稳定性影响要素及其保证播种和畦沟深度及厢面平整度的实现方式;分析了油菜精量排种器漏播检测补种、自动导航和变量播种技术等3项油菜播种智能化技术的研究进展。在系统总结和分析我国油菜种植特点和发展趋势的基础上,指出了现阶段油菜精量播种技术难点,并提出高速、宽幅、高效和精量的气力式排种技术、播深稳定性调控技术、降附减阻防堵的耕整地技术和农机农艺农信深度融合技术是油菜精量播种技术的研究重点。自动导航、排种器漏播检测和变量播种等技术是提升油菜播种智能化水平的关键技术。

Research Progress of Precision Seeding for Rapeseed

Rapeseed is an important oil plant in China. Precision seeding technology is an important method to decrease the costs and increase the efficiency of mechanical and scale operation for rapeseed and is also the important and difficult research point for rapeseed full mechanization. The planting status and main seeding equipments of rapeseed at home and abroad were concluded. The research status and development tendency for the key seeding technologies including precision seeding, seedbed preparation and intelligent seeding, were analyzed. Precision seeding technology, as the basic and key aspect for precision seeding, included one-row and centralized seeding technologies, according to different structure and principle of seeding device. The factor to affect the stability of seeding depth and furrow depth for rapeseed planting and the method to ensure the seeding depth, furrow depth and seedbed surface flatness were studied. The intelligent technologies for rapeseed sowing were consisted of technology of loss sowing detection and variable reseeding, automatic navigation and variable sowing. Moreover, the conclusion and prospection for the planting characteristics and development trend were provided from following three aspects: firstly, the precision seeding technology had the performance with high speed, wide work breadth, high efficiency and precision seeding; secondly, the technology to control the seeding depth, the tillage technology to reduce resistance and adherence were the research focus for improving rapeseed seedling rate and protecting seedlings from waterlogging; thirdly, combined agricultural machinery, agronomy and information technology is benefit to population structure and yield. Technologies of loss sowing detection and variable reseeding, automatic navigation and variable sowing promote the intelligent level of rapeseed planter and improve the intelligent development for rapeseed sowing.