不同覆膜种植对土壤水热和冬小麦产量的影响

为探索不同地膜颜色和种植方式对土壤水热及冬小麦产量的影响，设置黑、白两种地膜颜色及平作和垄作两种种植方式。通过使用TRIME-TDR及地温计对不同覆膜处理整个生育期内土壤水分和温度的监测，探究不同覆膜种植对农田土壤水热动态变化和冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明:（1）在作物越冬期—返青期，覆膜处理增温效果最为显著，较对照该时期增加了1.3℃，在作物拔节期—灌浆期，覆膜受植株茂密遮阳影响，增温效果不显著；无论是平作还是垄作，黑膜处理其表层5 cm土壤温度均高于白色覆膜和对照不覆膜处理；一天内，黑、白覆膜处理表层5 cm土壤温度最高值较对照分别增加4.9℃和5.7℃。（2）整个生育期，0—20 cm耕层内土壤含水率变化波动最显著，起垄覆膜处理耕层土壤含水率平均较平作覆膜处理和对照处理分别提高5.04%和14.82%。在起垄覆黑膜处理作物生育期内，抽穗期0—100 cm土层蓄水量处理提高最为显著，较对照增加45.2 mm。（3）起垄覆黑膜增产节水效果最显著，产量较对照处理增加658.7 kg/hm²；水分利用效率较对照提高16.3%。在丰水型年，由于降水充沛，不同种植方式间土壤水分利用效率差异不显著。该结果对于覆膜种植技术的改进有一定的指导意义。

Effects of Different Film Mulches on Soil Water and Heat as Well as the Yield of Winter Wheat

The films in two colors (black and white) were used combined with two planting patterns (ridge culture and traditional tillage) to explore the effects of different film mulches on soil water and heat as well as the growth of winter wheat. TRIME-TDR and thermometers were used to monitor soil moisture and temperature under different mulch treatments during the entire growth period of winter wheat. The object of this study is to reveal the effects of different film mulches on the dynamic of soil water and temperature and the yield of the winter wheat. Results showed that: (1) warming effect of film mulching was the most significant from the winter stage to reviving stage; compared with control, the temperature increased by 1.3℃; the soil temperatures in 5 cm depth of both two planting methods with black film were higher than those of white film and control; at the jointing-filling stage, warming effect of mulching was not significant; during the day, changes in surface soil temperature underwent two stages: increasing stages and decreasing stages; (2) throughout the growing period, topsoil soil water content changed most significantly in 0—20 cm depth; compared with treatments of white film with ridge culture and control, the mean soil water contents under black film (BL) increased by 5.04% and 14.82%, respectively; at the heading stage, BL had the significant soil water storage capacity in 0—100 cm depth, increased by 45.2 mm compared with the control; (3) the BL treatments had the most significant effect on increasing winter wheat yield and water use efficiency; compared with the control, the wheat yield under BL treatment increased by 658.7 kg/hm²; water use efficiency increased by 16.3%; in the wetting year, due to the abundant rainfall, soil water use efficiency among different mulching treatments had no significant difference. These results are of a certain guiding significance for improving film mulching techniques.