近代后套开垦试论

后套地区的开垦,从清朝中叶开始持续地进行着。由于那里事实上处于无政府状态,进入垦区的老实的农民落到了商人和冒险分子的控制之下。后套的土地辟成农田的前提是引黄河的水灌溉,冒险分子夺取了开渠的专利。他们通过暴力和欺诈驱使垦农挖渠,对他们进行超经济剥削。那些统治者都是事实上的封建诸候,相互攻夺兼并,但最后剩下的胜利者还是不得不屈服于官府打击之下。这就说明在中国这个封建农业社会中,专制政权的威势是如何突出。此外由于简单地把内地的那种单打一的农业移植到草原,与当地原始的养畜业(游牧)不能结合起来,而是互不相容,因而失去了在新垦区向一种综合的、新型的农业发展转变的机会。

SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE RECLAMATION OF THE HAO-TAU AREA IN THE RECENT TIMES

The perpetual reclamation of the steppes in the HAO-TAU area began in the middle of the Qing-dynasty at the end of the 18th century politically it was in an anarchical situation,and the poor peasants co- ming from the old agricultural regions had fallen into the hands of the merchants and adventurers.Since the utilization of the Yellow River water was a prerequisite forchanging the steppe into farm lands,the adventurers took hold of the monopoly of building canals for irrigation and therefore ahegemony was ...