生态文明视角下四川省资源环境压力的时空变化特征

基于足迹家族原理,构建了由生态压力、温室气体(GHGs)排放、水资源压力构成的资源环境压力评价指标体系,并应用于四川省的资源环境压力评价。结果表明,1990—2013年四川省人均生态足迹增加109.57%,生物承载力变化不大,生态压力由中下(Ⅱ_a)升至很高(Ⅲ_b)等级;林业碳汇提高32.01%,GHGs排放虽保持较低(Ⅰ_b)等级,但其排放指数增高了234.97%;水足迹增速很小,水资源压力很低(Ⅰ_a);全省资源环境压力由很低(Ⅰ_a)升为中下(Ⅱ_a)。空间上,生态压力很低(Ⅰ_a)的是甘孜和阿坝,广元为中上(Ⅱ_b),成都、自贡和攀枝花等其余19市(州)很高(Ⅲ_b);GHGs排放状况,攀枝花很高(Ⅲ_b),内江较高(Ⅲ_a),乐山中上(Ⅱ_b),眉山中下(Ⅱ_a),甘孜、雅安和阿坝为碳汇(Ⅰ_a),成都、自贡和泸州等其余14市(州)均属较低(Ⅰ_b)等级;水资源压力方面,自贡、遂宁、眉山、内江和资阳很高(Ⅲ_b),成都较高(Ⅲ_a),泸州和达州为中上(Ⅱ_b),德阳为中下(Ⅱ_a),宜宾和攀枝花较低(Ⅰ_b),甘孜、阿坝和广安等其余10州(市)很低(Ⅰ_a);资源环境压力状况,阿坝、甘孜、雅安和广元很低(Ⅰ_a),凉山和绵阳较低(Ⅰ_b),广安、巴中和南充为中下(Ⅱ_a),宜宾、德阳、乐山和达州为中上(Ⅱ_b),泸州、资阳和成都较高(Ⅲ_a),遂宁、攀枝花、眉山、自贡和内江很高(Ⅲ_b)。研究表明,四川省的资源环境压力主要归因于较高的生态压力。今后的生态文明建设中,除了严守耕地生态红线以确保耕地生产力外,还要通过大力发展水电以优化能源消费结构,以及加强森林保育以提高碳汇潜力。

Spatio-temporal changes in resource environment pressure due to eco-civilization in Sichuan Province, China

In recent years, the construction of eco-civilization in China has unprecedentedly attracted the attention of stakeholder authorities. One of the important issues of the construction of eco-civilization is the evaluation of regional resource environment pressure. Because of the variety and complexity of resources and environmental problems, it is not so easy to evaluate resource environment pressure. The Footprint Family method takes into account factors such as land and water resource carrying capacity, carbon emissions, forestry carbon sequestration and sustainable development. It therefore covers the basic connotation of eco-civilization construction. However, less domestic research has been reported on resource environment pressure in relation to Footprint Family. In this study, an evaluation system was constructed for resource environment pressure evaluation based on Footprint Family. The system was tested in the evaluation of resource environment pressure in Sichuan Province, where lies in the Silk Road Economic Belt, in order to promote the construction of eco-civilization and development of eco-civilization legislation and systematical construction. The results showed that per capita ecological footprint increased by 109.57% whereas per capita biocapacity had no obvious change from 1990 to 2013. Therefore, ecological pressure index increased from below-average (Ⅲa) to very high level (Ⅲb) in the period. In the same period, forestry carbon sequestration increased by 32.01%, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions remained at low grade (Ⅰb), while GHG emission index sharply increased by 234.97%. As the growth of water footprint was very small, water resource pressure was very small too (Ⅰa). However, decrease in available water resource was not negligible. Pressure on provincial resources and environment increased from very low (Ⅰa) to below-average (Ⅱa) grade. Spatially, ecological pressure was at very low grade (Ⅰa) in Ganzi and Aba, at above-average grade (Ⅱb) in Guangyuan, and at very high grade (Ⅲb) in other regions. GHG emission index was very high (Ⅲb) in Panzhihua, high (Ⅲa) in Neijiang, above-average (Ⅱb) in Leshan, below-average (Ⅱa) in Meishan, with carbon sequestration at Ⅰa (very low) grade in Ganzi, Ya’an and Aba, andⅠb (very low) grade in other regions. Water resource pressure was at very high grade (Ⅲb) in Zigong, Suining, Meishan, Neijiang and Ziyang. It was at high grade (Ⅲa) in Chengdu, above-average (Ⅱb) in Luzhou and Dazhou, below-average grade (Ⅱa) in Deyang, low grade (Ⅰb) in Yibin and Panzhihua , and was at very low grade (Ⅰa) in other regions. Resource environment pressure was at very low grade (Ⅰa) in Aba, Ganzi, Ya’an and Guangyuan, low grade (Ⅰb) in Liangshan City and Mianyang, below-average (Ⅱa) in Guang’an, Bazhong and Nanchong, above-average (Ⅲb) in Yibin, Deyang, Leshan and Dazhou, high grade (Ⅲa) in Luzhou, Ziyang and Chengdu, and very high grade (Ⅲb) in Suining, Panzhihua, Meishan, Zigong and Neijiang. Therefore resource environment pressure was due mainly to high ecological pressure driven by the large population with relatively little cultivated land per capita in Sichuan Province. The construction of future eco-civilization should strictly be adapted to cultivated land policies that were in turn based on ecological red-lines to ensure productive cultivation. In addition, the optimization of energy consumption structure by vigorously developing hydropower and strengthening forest conservation to improve forest carbon sink capability was an indispensable option in Sichuan Province.