吉林省玉米施肥效果与肥料利用效率现状研究

【目的】本研究通过收集整理2005~2013年国家测土配方施肥项目在吉林省布置的1110个“3414”田间试验，分析了施用氮、磷、钾肥对玉米产量、经济效益的影响，测算了氮、磷、钾肥的利用效率，目的在于明确当前生产条件下吉林省玉米的施肥效果与肥料利用效率，为肥料的合理施用与配置提供依据。【方法】选取玉米“3414”田间试验的处理1（N₀P₀K₀）、处理2（N₀P₂K₂）、处理4（N₂P₀K₂）、处理6（N₂P₂K₂）和处理8（N₂P₂K₀），分别记为不施肥（CK）、不施氮（-N）、不施磷（-P）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和不施钾（-K）处理，研究不同施肥处理下的玉米产量、产值、施肥利润和产投比，比较增施氮、磷、钾肥的增产效应以及不同肥料的农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率。另外，分析不施肥处理（缺素处理）玉米产量与相应肥料贡献率之间的关系，并利用模型进行模拟。【结果】不施肥条件下，当前吉林省玉米的平均产量和产值分别为6.6 t/hm2和1.21×103 yuan/hm2。施肥可显著提高玉米的产量和经济收益，其中以NPK处理的玉米产量和施肥利润最高，平均分别为10.1 t/hm2和5.07×103 yuan/hm2，其后分别为-K处理（8.9 t/hm2、3.27×103 yuan/hm2）、-P处理（8.7 t/hm2、2.83×103 yuan/hm2）和-N处理（7.7 t/hm2、1.39×103 yuan/hm2）。在其他养分施用基础上，增施氮、磷、钾肥可平均分别增产2.36 t/hm2（35.1%）、1.39 t/hm2（18.0%）和1.18 t/hm2（14.9%），平均施肥利润分别为3.68×103、2.24×103和1.80×103 yuan/hm2。当前生产条件下，吉林省玉米在氮磷钾配施条件下的肥料农学效率、偏生产力和肥料贡献率分别为11.4 kg/kg N、32.8 kg/kg和34.7%，而增施氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为14.3 kg/kg N、20.5 kg/kg P₂O₅和17.2 kg/kg K₂O，平均偏生产力分别为61.1、146.4和142.4 kg/kg，平均肥料贡献率分别为23.4%、14.1%和11.9%。分析发现，氮磷钾肥配施（或某一肥料）的肥料贡献率随不施肥处理（或相应缺素处理）玉米产量的提高而显著下降，且关系符合对数函数模型，说明提高基础地力可减少对外源肥料的依赖。【结论】吉林省玉米氮磷钾肥的增产效果和肥料利用率相比全国平均水平较高，但仍需重视氮肥管理以稳产增效，继续大力推广平衡适量施肥理念及相应技术，在实现作物增产的同时提高肥料利用效率并促进土壤培肥。

Present fertilization effect and fertilizer use efficiency of maize in Jilin Province

[Objectives]About 1110 "3414" field experiments were conducted in Jilin Province during 2005–2013, the data were collected in this paper to evaluate effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer application on maize yields, economic benefit and current fertilizer use efficiencies, aiming to clarify the present fertilization effect and fertilizer use efficiency in maize production of Jilin Province, and to provide reference for reasonable fertilizer application and allocation.[Methods]The five treatments, N0P0K0, N0P2K2, N2P0K2, N2P2K2 and N2P2K0, in the "3414" field experiments of maize were chosen. The maize yields, gross income, fertilizer profit and input-output ratio were investigated, the yield responses to N, P and K fertilizers and the nutrient agronomic efficiency (AE), partial factor productivity (PFP) and fertilizer contribution rate (FCR) were also compared.[Results]In the CK treatment, on average, the grain yield and gross income was 6.6 t/ha and 1.21 × 103 yuan/hm2, respectively. Fertilization treatments increased the maize yield and economic benefit significantly with the highest yield level of 10.1 t/hm2 and fertilizer profit of 5.07 × 103 yuan/hm2 in the N2P2K2 treatment, followed in turn by the N2P2K0 treatment (8.9 t/hm2 and 3.27 × 103 yuan/hm2), the N2P0K2 treatment (8.7 t/hm2 and 2.83 × 103 yuan/hm2) and the N0P2K2 treatment (7.7 t/hm2 and 1.39 × 103 yuan/hm2). On the basis of other nutrient applied, the average yield increases resulted from N, P and K fertilizer application were 2.36 t/hm2 (35.1%), 1.39 t/hm2 (18.0%) and 1.18 t/hm2 (14.9%), respectively, and the average fertilization profits were 3.68 × 103, 2.24 × 103 and 1.80 × 103 yuan/hm2, respectively. The averaged AEs were 14.3 kg/kg N, 20.5 kg /kg P2O5 and 17.2 kg/kg K2O, respectively; The averaged PFPs of N, P and K fertilizer were 61.1, 146.4 and 142.4 kg/kg nutrient, respectively, and the corresponding fertilizer contribution were 23.4%, 14.1% and 11.9% respectively. The FCR of the N2P2K2 treatments showed a significant downtrend with increasing maize yield in the CK treatment (or the corresponding nutrient omission treatment), and the relationship imitated using a logarithmic function model indicated that enhancing soil indigenous fertility could reduce the yield dependence on inorganic fertilizers.[Conclusions]The fertilization responses and fertilizer use efficiencies of maize are relatively high in Jilin Province compared with the national average level of China, the nitrogen fertilizer contribution is still higher than those of P and K fertilizers. Thus, N management should be still strengthened for maintaining high yield and improving N efficiency. The balanced and appropriate fertilization technologies still need to be spread for the simultaneous improvement of crop yield, fertilizer use efficiency and soil fertility.