基于叶片数增长动态的营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

【目的】 针对基质栽培番茄的营养液管理问题，研究了基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液供给对番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。 【方法】 温室基质栽培条件下，以番茄为试验材料，根据植株每增长 1、2 和 3 片叶时营养液浓度的提高幅度分别设置 TR0.1 (0.1 mS/cm)、TR0.2 (0.2 mS/cm)和 TR0.3 (0.3 mS/cm) 3 个处理，即叶片数增长动态处理；另设常规营养液管理模式作为对照（CK)，即番茄定植至开花前、开花至第一穗果坐果、第一穗果坐果至采收结束 3 个生育期内供给营养液浓度分别为 1.5、2.1 和 2.7 mS/cm。通过测定营养液总盐含量和番茄株高、茎粗、叶片数、产量、养分利用率和品质等指标对不同营养液管理方法进行评价。 【结果】 叶片数增长动态处理 (TR0.1、TR0.2和TR0.3) 营养液浓度提高频率是 CK 的 2.0～5.6 倍，且可利用的营养液总盐含量、大量元素和微量元素的总含量均表现为 CK > TR0.1 > TR0.2 > TR0.3。叶片数增长动态处理 (TR0.1、TR0.2和TR0.3) 和 CK 的茎粗和叶片数受营养液浓度提高幅度影响较小。TR0.1 处理的产量和营养液养分利用率比 CK 分别提高了 30.4% 和 37.7% ( P < 0.05)。与 CK 相比，TR0.1、TR0.2 和 TR0.3 处理的果实中硝酸盐含量和可滴定酸含量分别降低了 19.4%～68.6%和16.7%～23.2% ( P < 0.05)，总可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别增加了 0.8%～12.9% ( P < 0.05，TR0.3 除外) 和 31.3%～34.7% ( P < 0.05)，说明叶片数增长动态处理的果实品质优于 CK。基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液供给的方法中，与 TR0.3 处理相比，TR0.1 处理的株高增加 7.5 cm ( P < 0.05)，产量和营养液养分利用率分别提高了 30.7% 和 29.4% ( P < 0.05)；TR0.1 处理果实硝酸盐含量、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量和糖酸比均最高，除糖酸比外，各处理呈显著性差异。 【结论】 基于叶片数增长动态调控营养液浓度供给的方法优于常规基质栽培营养液管理方法，可以实现基质栽培番茄的高产优质，提高营养液养分利用率，其中每增长 1 片叶营养液浓度增加 0.1 mS/cm 的供给方法 (TR0.1)，因营养液浓度变化速率快，浓度变化幅度小，对促进番茄生长、养分吸收及增加产量、改善品质的效果最好，为供试条件下最优的营养液调控方法。

Effects of nutrient solution supplying mode on growth,yield and quality of tomatoes using leaf number growth dynamic

Objectives]To optimize the nutrient solution management for substrate cultured tomato, we studied effects of regulating nutrient solution based on leaf number growth dynamic on growth, yield and quality of tomatoes.[Methods]In greenhouse, tomatoes were used as experimental material, and four nutrient solution supplying modes with different frequency of increasing the concentration of nutrient solution were conducted. The nutrient solution concentrations were respectively increased by 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mS/cm in TR0.1, TR0.2 and TR0.3, while leaf number in the corresponding treatments increased by one, two, and three respectively. In the CK, the nutrient solution concentrations of 1.5, 2.1 and 2.7 mS/cm were respectively set at three growth stages of tomato, from the planting to before the flowering, flowering to the first cluster, and the first cluster until the end of the harvest. There were four treatments with four repetitions. The plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, yield and quality of tomatoes, as well as the total salt content and utilization efficiency of nutrient solution were measured to determine the effects.[Results]The frequencies of increasing nutrient solution concentration in the TR0.1, TR0.2 and TR0.3 were 2.0–5.6 times of that of the treatment CK. The order of total salt contents of nutrient solution, total contents of macroelements and microelements all showed as CK > TR0.1 > TR0.2 >TR0.3. No significant differences were detected in the stem diameters and leaf numbers among all treatments. Compared with the CK, the yield and nutrient utilization efficiency of the TR0.1 increased by 30.4% and 37.7%(P< 0.05) respectively. Also, in comparison with the CK, the contents of nitrate and titratable acid in TR0.1, TR0.2 and TR0.3 respectively decreased by 19.4%–68.6% and 16.7%–23.2% (P< 0.05), while the total soluble solid and sugar-acid ratios respectively increased by 0.8%–12.9% (P< 0.05, except TR0.3) and 31.3%–34.7%(P< 0.05), which indicated that the quality of tomato in the TR0.1, TR0.2 and TR0.3 which were based on leaf number growth dynamic was better than that of the CK which was regarded as the conventional nutrient solution supplying mode for tomato. In addition, compared with the TR0.3, the plant height in TR0.1 increased by7.5 cm (P< 0.05), and the total yield and the nutrient utilization efficiency increased by 30.7% and 29.4% (P< 0.05) respectively. Moreover, the highest contents of nitrate, titratable acid and soluble solid as well as the sugar-acid ratio were all observed in the TR0.1, and there were significant differences among the treatments, except for the sugar-acid ratio.[Conclusions]The controlling mode of tomato nutrient solution based on leaf number growth dynamic is better than the conventional management mode based on the three growth stages, resulting in higher yield and better quality of tomato, and high utilization efficiency of nutrient solution. Additionally, the TR0.1, whose nutrient solution concentration was increased by 0.1 mS/cm while leaf number increased by one, showed the best effects on the promotion of growth and nutrient absorption, as well as yield and quality of tomato. Therefore, TR0.1 was considered as the most optimal controlling method of tomato nutrient solution.