不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦品质的影响

【目的】 综合分析不同类型有机肥与化肥配施对小麦籽粒、面粉、面团品质指标的影响，为提升小麦品质提供有机肥科学施用基础。 【方法】 以鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪为供试有机肥料，冬小麦品种济麦22为供试作物进行了田间试验。在施N 225 kg/hm2前提下，设单施化肥（尿素）、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪处理，及三种有机肥各自分别以25%、50%和75%配合75%、50%、25%的化肥处理，以及化肥、鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪施肥料量加倍处理，共18个处理。小麦收获后，分析了3个籽粒品质指标、5个面粉品质指标、7个面团品质指标，运用多元统计分析方法评价了三种有机肥的不同利用方式和用量对小麦品质的影响。 【结果】 施N 225 kg/hm2条件下，单施鸡粪、猪粪对小麦各品质指标的提升作用与单施化肥处理相当，明显优于牛粪；与单施牛粪处理相比，单施鸡粪、猪粪、化肥处理的平均面团形成时间延长了50.85%，平均粉质指数提高了25.75%，平均湿面筋含量提升了19.71%，平均沉淀值提升了18.17%，平均粗蛋白含量提升了14.37%，面团拉伸比降低了36.84%。增加肥料用量一倍对小麦品质指标的提升作用不显著。常量处理中，25%有机肥+75%化肥最有利于籽粒蛋白含量的提高。将15个品质指标分为3个主成分组，以湿面筋为代表的第一主成分方差贡献率占到60.2%，代表了大部分的数据信息。根据各施肥处理对品质指标影响的相似性，将18种施肥方式聚为四类:1)不施肥；2)单施常量、加倍牛粪处理；3)常量鸡粪、猪粪、化肥单施及常量配施处理；4)加倍化肥、加倍鸡粪和加倍猪粪处理，从1）至4）小麦多数品质指标呈现依次升高的趋势。 【结论】 以常规施氮量(225 kg/hm2)为前提，鸡粪、猪粪配施少量或者不配施化肥，牛粪配施75%化肥都可以显著提升小麦品质，单施牛粪提升小麦品质作用不显著。因此，在有机肥源充足的条件下，在总施氮量不增加的前提下，鸡粪、猪粪氮的施用比例可提高至75%，牛粪的实用比例控制在25%，以获得优质的小麦籽粒品质。

Effects of combined application of chemical fertilizers with different sources of organic manure on the grain quality of winter wheat

[Objectives]The objectives of this study were to improve winter wheat grain quality and provide a theoretical basis for efficiently using different types of organic fertilizers by optimizing fertilization techniques.[Methods]A field experiment was conducted in whinter wheat using chicken fest, pig manure and cattle manure as orgain N resources. At base of total N input of 225 kg/hm2, single applicaion of chicken, pig and cattle manure and urea, combined application of the three manures with urea in ratio of 25%, 50% and 75%, and the double single N input treatments (total 18 treatments) were designed. Three wheat grain indexes, 5 flour indexes, and 7 dough indexes were measured. Principal component and cluster analyses were applied to assess the effects of different fertilization treatments in wheat quality.[Results]At the N input level of 225 kg/hm2, single application of chicken and pig manure had the same effect on wheat quality with urea, and distinctly superior to cattle manure. Compared with the cattle manure, the average dough development time of applying chicken manure, pig manure, or chemical fertilizer alone was extended by 50.85%. As well, the average farinogram quality number was increased by 25.75%, the average wet gluten was increased by 19.71%, the average sedimentation value increased by 18.17%, the average crude protein content increased by 14.37%, and the average dough viscoelastic ratio decreased by 36.84%. When N input was doubled, the wheat quality indices were not increased obviously. In the urea and manure combination treatments, lower manure proportion (25%) were more effective to increase grain protein contents and winter wheat quality under normal N rate. 15 indexes of wheat quality were divided into 3 priciple components. The variance proportion of the first component was 60.22% and it also contained the most data information (e.g. wet gluten).With the the tested indices from high to low, the 18 fertilization treatments were classified to 4 clusters: no fertilizer treatment; conventional cattle and double cattle manure treatments; conventional chicken manure, pig manure, and chemical fertilizer treatments, combined under conventional rates; double chemical fertilizer, chicken manure, and pig manure treatments.[Conclusions]Under conventional N rate, chicken or pig manure can be applied alone or combined with 25% of urea, cattle manure have to be combined with large proportions of urea. Overuse of urea or manures should not be recommonded for good winter wheat quality.