菌渣施用对黄河故道区低产田土壤理化性质、小麦根系生长和产量的影响

通过对两个小麦生长季进行田间监测,探究了施用菌渣对黄河故道区低产田土壤理化性质、小麦根系生长和产量的影响。试验共设7个处理,分别为不施用菌渣(CK),施用低量(6 t/hm~2;S1)、中量(12 t/hm~2;S2)和高量秸秆质菌渣(18 t/hm~2;S3),施用低量(6 t/hm~2;B1)、中量(12 t/hm~2;B2)和高量木质菌渣(18 t/hm~2;B3)。结果表明:相比CK,施用菌渣后第1年和第2年的小麦产量分别增加了32.4%～51.8%和38.8%～101.2%(P0.05);逐步回归结果显示,每施用1t/hm~2的菌渣,可提升小麦产量0.21t/hm~2(P0.01);不同菌渣类型间的小麦产量和经济效益无显著差异(P0.05),秸秆质菌渣18 t/hm~2处理下可获得最高产量和经济效益;施用菌渣2年后,0～10 cm土壤有机质显著提升24.7%～57.7%(P0.05),且0～10 cm土壤容重和紧实度分别降低了11.6%～18.2%和20.8%～35.7%(P0.05;B1处理除外);根系形态指标与小麦产量间均呈正相关关系,菌渣施用对小麦苗期根系总根长、总表面积、总体积和分叉数的增加有显著促进作用(P0.05);小麦产量与土壤有机质含量呈正相关关系,与0～10 cm土壤容重和紧实度呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),说明菌渣施用后土壤有机质水平提升、物理结构改善是产量增加的关键机制。本研究表明,针对土壤有机质水平低、物理结构较差的黄河故道区低产田,施用菌渣是改善该地区土壤物理特性,促进作物根系生长,快速提升产量,增加经济效益的有效手段。

Using Mushroom Residues Improving Soil Physiochemical Properties, Wheat Root Growth and Yield in Low-yield Cropland of Ancient Yellow River Area

The mushroom residue is a low-cost organic amendment with abundant nutrients, which is helpful in increasing the soil fertility of low-yield cropland, but the reports regarding the effects of mushroom residues application on crop yield enhancement and soil properties improvement are very limited in the low-yield cropland of ancient Yellow River area. A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of mushroom residues application on soil properties, wheat root growth, and wheat yield in the region of the ancient Yellow River. Seven treatments, i.e., no mushroom residue application (CK), straw-based mushroom residue application at the rates of 6, 12, and 18 Mg/hm2 (S1, S2, and S3 respectively), xylary mushroom residue application at the rates of 6, 12, and 18 Mg/hm2 (B1, B2, and B3 respectively) were established in this study. Compared with CK, the wheat yield increased by 32.4%~51.8% and 38.8%~101.2% in the 1st and 2nd year after mushroom residues application, respectively (P <0.05). Stepwise regression showed that an application of 1 Mg/hm2 mushroom residues could improve crop yield by 0.21 Mg/hm2 (P <0.01). Application of straw-based mushroom residue at the rate of 18 Mg/hm2 could achieve the optimal agronomic and economic incomes, however, no significant differences of wheat yield and economic income were detected between straw-based and xylary mushroom residues (P >0.05). After the two-years application of mushroom residues, the soil organic matter contents increased by 24.7%-57.7% (P <0.05), the soil bulk density and compactness significantly decreased by 11.6%-18.2% and 20.8%-35.7% respectively (P <0.05; B1 excepted). Root traits showed positive correlations with wheat yields. Mushroom residues application significantly increased the total root length, surface area, total volume, and folks (P <0.05). The wheat yield had positive correlations with soil organic matter contents, and showed significant negative correlations with soil bulk density and compactness of 0-10 cm soil, indicating the increase of soil organic matter contents and the improvements of soil physical properties are essential mechanisms for the yield enhancement after mushroom residues application. Our study indicates that in the low-yield cropland of ancient Yellow River area with the low soil organic matter levels and less favorable physical structures, application of mushroom residue is suggested to be an effective way to break through the main limiting factors of crop yield, improve soil physical properties, enhance soil fertility, promote wheat root growth, and increase economic income.