均衡施肥对滩涂盐碱农田稻麦轮作系统土壤养分与作物生长和养分吸收的影响

以耐盐小麦和水稻为材料,研究了滩涂盐碱地养分均衡对轮作稻麦生长和养分吸收的影响。试验设不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(TF)、中量元素肥料+常规施肥(TS)、螯合态微量元素肥+常规施肥(TM)和中量元素肥料+螯合态微量元素肥料+常规施肥(TSM)5个处理。结果表明:(1)大量元素方面,小麦季TSM处理显著提高了土壤碱解氮和速效钾水平,分别较TF处理增长23.22%和7.10%;水稻季TSM处理土壤有效磷和速效钾显著提高,较TF处理分别提高19.78%和7.44%;稻麦轮作体系均衡施肥(TSM)显著降低了土壤含盐量,由3.09 g/kg土降为1.88 g/kg土;(2)中微量元素方面,小麦季TSM处理显著提高了土壤S、Fe含量,分别较TF处理增长了196.3%、13.75%;水稻季TSM处理土壤Si、Ca、Fe、Mn含量较TF处理显著提高,分别增加了27.42%、11.60%、12.05%、16.20%;(3)TSM处理小麦和水稻生物量明显提高,较TF处理增长了19.47%和20.12%,且TSM处理较TF处理作物养分含量显著提高(P0.05);(4)施肥处理明显提高了稻麦植株中各营养素的积累,作物产量增加,TSM处理小麦和水稻较CK分别增产了14.37%和46.46%,与TF处理相较,小麦增产7.55%,水稻增产效果不显著。综上所述,均衡施肥有效提高了养分库容和养分利用效率,促进了盐碱地轮作稻麦生长和产量形成。因此,在常规施肥的基础上配施中微量元素肥料作为优选的均衡施肥模式可作为滩涂盐土粮食轮作区主要施肥模式加以推广应用。

Effects of Balanced Fertilization on Soil Nutrients and Growth and Nutrient Absorption of Rice-wheat Rotation System in Saline-alkali Farmland of Tidal Flat

In this paper, salt-tolerant wheat and rice were used as materials to study their growths and yields under nutrient-balanced fertilization systems in seashore saline-alkali farmland in the reclamation area in Zhong Road Port of Dafeng County, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province. The designed treatments included no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (TF), medium element fertilizer + conventional fertilization (TS), chelated trace element fertilizer + conventional fertilizer (TM) and medium element fertilizer + chelated trace element fertilizer + conventional fertilization (TSM). The results showed that in wheat season, TSM significantly increased soil alkaline nitrogen and available potassium contents by 23.22% and 7.10% respectively compared with TF. In rice season, TSM also significantly increased soil available phosphorus and potassium by 19.78% and 7.44% respectively compared with TF. TSM significantly reduced soil salinity from 3.09 g/kg to 1.88 g/kg in rice-wheat rotation system. In wheat season, TSM significantly increased soil S and Fe contents by 196.3% and 13.75% respectively compared with TF. In rice season, TSM significantly increased soil Si, Ca, Fe, and Mn contents by 27.42%, 11.60%, 12.05% and 16.20% respectively compared with TF. Compared with TF, TSM significantly increased wheat and rice biomass by 19.47% and 20.12% respectively, and also significantly increased nutrient contents in different organs. Fertilization increased the accumulation of nutrients in different organs of rice and wheat and promoted crop yields, TSM significantly increased wheat and rice biomass by 14.37% and 46.46% respectively compared with CK. Wheat yield was increased by 7.55% whereas rice yield changed insignificantly compared with TF. In summary, balanced fertilization effectively improved nutrient storage capacity and nutrient utilization efficiency, therefore promoted the growth and yield of rice and wheat. Thus, adding medium and trace elements in conventional fertilizers is the optimal balanced fertilization model for seashore saline-alkali farmland.