Chukar Watering Patterns and Water Site Selection |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Research Associate, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 275 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602;2. Professor, Department of Plant and Wildlife Sciences, Brigham Young University, 275 WIDB, Provo, UT 84602;3. Upland Game Coordinator, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, PO Box 146301, Salt Lake City, UT 84114;4. Member, Utah Upland Game Advisory Council, 3087 Maxine Drive, Layton, UT 84040;5. Professor, Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, 220 TMCB, BYU, Provo, UT 84602;1. Associate Professor, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;2. Rangeland Scientist (retired), USDA–Agricultural Research Service, High Plains Grasslands Research Station, Cheyenne, WY 82009, USA;3. Research Technician, USDA–Agricultural Research Service, High Plains Grasslands Research Station, Cheyenne, WY 82009, USA;1. Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende s/n., 36310 Vigo, Spain;2. Coastal, Marine and Disaster Prevention Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, 3-1-1, Nagase, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan;3. N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Severnaya Dvina Emb. 23, 163000 Arkhangelsk, Russia;4. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales - C.S.I.C, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;5. Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S. National Ave., Springfield, MO 65897, USA;6. NC Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones St. Raleigh, NC 27601, USA;7. Northern Arctic Federal University, Severnaya Dvina Emb. 17, 163002 Arkhangelsk, Russia;8. Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal;9. Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, 25 de mayo 582 – CC. 399, 11000, Montevideo, Uruguay;10. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Gate 10 Silverdale Road, P.O. Box 11115, Hamilton, New Zealand;11. División Zoología Invertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (UNLP), CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n., La Plata 1900, Argentina;12. Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Viet Nam;13. Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Science Prague, CZ-16521 Prague, 6–Suchdol, Czech Republic;14. CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;15. Consultants in Aquatic Ecology and Engineering (Technisches Büro für Gewässerökologie) – blattfisch e.U., Gabelsbergerstraße 7, 4600 Wels, Austria;p. Nature and Man Ltd (Natur och Människa AB), Friared Prästgården 3, 511 98 Hyssna, Sweden;q. Supervising Scientist Branch, Department of the Environment and Energy, GPO Box 461, Darwin, NT 0801, Australia;r. U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW. 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA;s. Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology and Cryology, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 16a, Nedorezova str., 672014 Chita, Russia;t. BWG Environmental, Brisbane, QLD 4509, Australia;u. Murdoch University, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Perth, W.A. 6105, Australia;v. Western Australian Museum, Department of Aquatic Zoology, Welshpool, W.A. 6106, Australia;w. Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10600, Thailand;x. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;y. Division of Zoology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Rooseveltov trg 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;z. CIBIO/InBIO - Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal;11. University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland;12. River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Japan;13. Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Marine Zoologie/Sektion Malakologie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt/Main, Germany;14. Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan;15. The Japan Association of Rural Solutions for Environmental Conservation and Resource Recycling, 5-34-4 Shinbashi, Minato, Tokyo 105-0004, Japan;16. Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, N10W5, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan;17. Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía Física, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Avda. Carballo Calero s/n., 27002 Lugo, Spain;18. Alleco Ltd., Veneentekijäntie 4, 00210 Helsinki, Finland;19. Institut Systématique Évolution Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d''Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France;110. CNR IRSA - Water Research Institute, Largo Vittorio Tonolli, 50-52-28922 Pallanza Verbania, Italy;111. Museum of the University of Latvia, Raiņa Blvd. 19, Rīga LV-1586, Latvia;112. Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia;113. CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal;114. Graham Sustainability Institute, University of Michigan, 625 E. Liberty Street 300, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;115. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, P.O. Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545, USA;1p. Prefectural Kuji High School, 1-15 Osanai School, kawasaski, Kuji, Iwate 028-0051, Japan;1q. Department of Biological and Environmental Science, PO Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland;1r. CIMO - Mountain Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;1s. Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1816 S. Oak Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA;1t. Institute of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;1u. CITAB - Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences, Forestry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;1v. Laboratory of Macroecology & Biogeography of Invertebrates, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7-9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia;1w. Department of Biology, Saint Anselm College, 100 Saint Anselm Drive, Manchester, NH 03102, USA;1x. Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza, 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;1y. Oklahoma Biological Survey, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, 111 E. Chesapeake Street, Norman, OK 73019, USA. |
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| Abstract: | We evaluated chukar (Alectoris chukar) watering patterns as well as habitat variables influencing water site selection in western Utah. Motion-sensing cameras and chukar dropping counts were primary techniques to evaluate watering patterns. We took vegetative and other habitat measurements at each water source (n = 43) to discriminate use from nonuse sites using logistic regression. Chukars watered during daylight hours with a modal hour from 1200 hours to 1300 hours daylight savings time. Annual patterns suggest limited use of water sources from November to May with first observed visits occurring in June and last observed visits in October. Shrub canopy cover was the only variable to discriminate between site types (P &spilt; 0.01). Cross validation showed a predictive success rate of 84%. Significant differences were found between use and nonuse sites in terms of security cover (P &spilt; 0.01), but not total cover (P &spigt; 0.05). Chukars seem to have a loose shrub canopy threshold near 11% that is likely due to predation risk. Water sources meeting this threshold received use, whereas those not meeting this threshold did not. Increasing shrub canopy cover above 11% did not translate into increased water source use. Managers might want to consider annual patterns when setting hunt season timing and structure as well as judging sites for new water developments based on shrub canopy cover. More generally, these results suggest a behavioral constraint on the use of water sources as a function of predation risk—we should expect other species to demonstrate similar behavioral constraints. These constraints must be considered in any effort to determine benefits or impacts of water developments. |
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