Salt-Lick–Induced Soil Disturbance in the Teton Wilderness,USA |
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| Institution: | 1. Hydrologist, Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest, 30 South Chiracahua Drive, Springerville, AZ 85938;2. Senior Forest Ecologist, The Wilderness Society, 503 West Mendenhall, Bozeman, MT 59715;1. Wildlife Institute, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 10083, China;2. Everest Snow Leopard Conservation Center, Rikaze, Tibet 857000, China;3. School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China;5. Qomolangma National Nature Reserve Administration, Rikaze, Tibet 857000, China;1. Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, Oxon OX13 5QL, England;2. Grupo de Ecologia e Conservação de Felinos na Amazônia, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Estrada do Bexiga 2584, Bairro Fonte Boa, Tefé, Amazonas 69553-225, Brazil;3. Rimba, 4 Jalan1/9D, 43650 Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia;4. School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia;5. Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, United States;6. Kenyir Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia;7. Nai Conservation, San José, Costa Rica;8. Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria, San José 2060, Costa Rica;9. Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers, Unit 3, Ground Floor, JLN SS 23/11, Taman SEA, 47400 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;10. WWF Malaysia, 1 Jalan PJS 5/28A, Petaling Jaya Commercial Centre (PJCC), 46150 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia;11. Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia, Km 10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;12. Mindset Interdisciplinary Centre for Tropical Environmental Studies, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia |
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| Abstract: | Manmade salt licks on public lands throughout the Rocky Mountain West have been created to attract large game for hunting purposes. This practice is both illegal and controversial, but is of particular importance in otherwise pristine wilderness landscapes. The impact of widespread saltlicks on public lands has never been quantified. This study was undertaken to examine the degree of change in soil physical and chemical properties caused by approximately 10–60 years of salt application in the Teton Wilderness of Wyoming, USA. A total of 27 sites were identified, surveyed, and paired with non–salt-affected control areas. Three replicate sampling points were located within each salt site and in each of the paired control areas. Soil samples from each site were analyzed for soil bulk density, soil salinity as electrical conductance (EC), pH, organic matter content, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), and exchangeable concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+). Salt-treated site centers were found to have elevated EC, bulk density, pH, SAR, and Na+ concentration compared to the no-salt controls. Salt-affected sites also contained decreased organic matter contents and decreased concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Observed differences were due to the addition of Na+ to the soil solum as well as direct effects of ungulates. Soil compaction appears to have a greater impact on plant establishment than the actual presence of NaCl. Salt licks established in wilderness areas habituate animals to localized zones causing extensive soil trampling and consumption of surface soils by grazing ungulates. |
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