Chemistry and bioactivity of royal jelly from Greece

Twenty-five compounds were identified from the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of royal jelly from Greece. Among them, 16 compounds are reported for the first time as royal jelly constituents, whereas 7 of them are isolated for the first time as natural products. The 7 new compounds were fatty acid derivatives: 10-acetoxydecanoic acid (1), trans-10-acetoxydec-2-enoic acid (2), 11-oxododecanoic acid (3), (11S)-hydroxydodecanoic acid (4), (10R,11R)-dihydroxydodecanoic acid (5), 3,11-dihydroxydodecanoic acid (6), and (11S),12-dihydroxydodecanoic acid (7). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, mainly by the concerted application of 1D and 2D NMR techniques (HMQC, HMBC) and mass spectrometry. The studied sample and the isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi and exhibited interesting activities.