农业固体废物分类及其污染风险识别和处理路径

防治农业固体废物污染,对保障农民身体健康,维护农业生态安全,促进农村经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。在总结农业固体废物内涵和外延的基础上,探讨农业固体废物的主要来源、分类方法和基本特征,按照来源、毒性、组分和形态对农业固体废物进行了分类,剖析来源单一与类型多样的双重性、潜在污染与重要资源的两面性、周年持续与季节波动的复杂性等农业固体废物的基本特征。识别农业种植固体废物、畜禽水产养殖固体废物、废旧农业投入品和农产品初加工固体废物的潜在污染风险。梳理农业固体废物污染防治、处理利用代表性法规政策,分析农业固体废物全链条运营和监管体系,提出"分类处理、多措并举,统筹兼顾、绿色循环,减量回用、精准处置"的农业固体废物处理利用技术路径与模式。该研究可为指导农业固体废物污染防治和处理利用提供基础支撑和决策参考。

Classification of agricultural solid wastes and identification of pollution risks and utilization paths in China

Abstract: Agricultural solid wastes refer to the unwanted substances generated in agricultural production activities, indicating the features of complexity, pollution, seasonality, and diversity. Serving as an important source of agricultural non-point source pollution, the agriculture solid wastes have posed a great threat on the ecological environment, as well the quality and safety of food products. In China, the utilization of agricultural solid waste has been written into the law for the first time in April 2020, i.e., "law of the People''s Republic of China on the prevention and control of environmental pollution by solid waste", where clearly defined the recycling responsibility of solid waste producers to prevent environmental pollution, including the collection, storage, transportation, utilization, disposal. A large amount of agriculture solid wastes have been eliminated due to disease, including 3.8 billion tons of livestock and poultry waste, nearly 900 million tons of straw, more than 2 million tons of discarded agricultural film, and 60 million pigs. It infers that there is extensive amount of agricultural solid waste, further to accelerate the risk of ecological environment pollution, particularly by disorderly dumping and random incineration. It is necessary to control pollution of agricultural solid wastes, thereby to maintain ecological safety and sustainable development of rural economy. This paper aims to identify the main source of agricultural solid wastes, classification method and the major characteristics, based on the connotation and extension of agricultural solid wastes. Agricultural solid wastes were classified according to the sources, toxicity, composition and morphology. The key features of agricultural solid wastes were identified, including the sources of single and dual nature in various types, potential pollution, the two sides of important resources, the anniversary variation, and the complexity of seasonal fluctuation. Potential pollution risks of solid wastes were determined, including solid wastes from agricultural cultivation, livestock, poultry, aquaculture, and primary processing of agricultural products, as well discarded agricultural inputs. Representative regulations and policies were sorted out for the prevention, treatment and utilization of agricultural solid wastes. The operation and supervision system can be clarified for the whole production chain of agricultural solid wastes in the near future. Technological paths and models were proposed for the treatment and utilization of agricultural solid wastes, including "classified treatment, multiple measures, overall consideration, green circulation, reduced reuse and precise disposal". This finding can provide the basic support and decision-making reference for the guidance to the treatment of agricultural solid wastes and their pollution prevention.