三峡环库多业共生耦合循环农业生态系统初构

三峡蓄水后,水流减缓,自净力减弱,主要支流绿藻虐生;库区新生消落区出露成陆时正直多雨炎热潮湿的夏季,基本丧失拦截、消纳和过滤农业面源污染的功能,加重了长江污染。该文在研究库区优势特色农业发展和生态环境建设的基础上,将库区水域、消落区和生态屏障区作为整体,运用循环经济理论,研究建立库岸柑橘、消落区湿地牧场、水域天然渔场3条环库绿色经济带,集成4链交叉的多链循环经济组网模式,创立5层阻隔拦截和吸收消纳面源污染的工艺技术,围绕库区各主要农业产业发展,把前端废弃物作为内生要素进入后端生产活动中,在注重环境保护的形势下,凝练出多业共生耦合农业循环经济模式和"345"推进方法。创建的巫山大昌湖特色循环农业生态示范园区,实现了三峡库区柑橘、生猪、草食牲畜、长江鱼4大特色产业共生、要素耦合、整体循环、综合利用的产业生态链,推动了三峡库区生态文明建设,满足了库区特色农业发展、农移民增收和国家战略水资源库保护需求,可为大型水库区生态农业发展和水资源环境保护提供参考。

Establishment of integrative circular agro-ecology system for multiple agricultural industries in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Abstract: The arable land per capita among the rural migrants located in the Three Gorges Reservoirs Area is only about 386.7 m2. The contradiction between people and their land is severe. After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Project, the water flow and the self-purification ability of the Yangtze River got slowed and declined which resulted in an overmuch growth of the green algae in main tributaries of the Yangtze River. Besides, to meet the electricity generation need in the dry winter or spring, and to prevent the deluge in the rainy summer, the Three Gorges Reservoir impound in the winter and spring, disembogue in the summer. Owing to this, the hydro-fluctuation belt along the river always outcrop into land in the hot and humid rainy summer, hence the hydro-fluctuation belt fail to intercept, absorb and filtrate the agricultural surface source pollution, which cause the increased pollution in the Yangtze River. The contradiction of the economic development and the environmental protection is severe.This research considered the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, the hydro-fluctuation area and the ecological barriers area as an entirety, and combined the specialty agriculture industries, such as: citrus, livestock and fishing industry with the newly developed agricultural technologies, like the orange residue self-drying and high temperature fermentation under aerobic environment technology along with its dedicated organic fertilizers, the biogas slurry pipeline irrigation fertilization integrated device, citrus nutrition diagnosis testing fertilization technology and the new variety of submergence-tolerant pasture, on the basis of the principles of ecological agriculture and recycling economy. A recycling agriculture ecosystems demonstration area was built in the Dachang town, Wushan county, the hinterland of the Three Groges. Relying on the greening the Yangtze River citrus belt project, the hydro-fluctuation belt management project and forced removal of the cage fish culture facilities along the river project, we build three ecological economic zones which are reservoir bank citrus plantations, hydro-fluctuation belt wetland pastures and natural fishery around the reservoir bank to develop specialty industry economy.In this project we integrated "pig-biogas-fruit-residue-feed", "fruit-residue-fertilizer", "livestock-biogas-fruit-grass" and water cycle, developing a new four-chain crossed recycling economy networking mode, and an anti-season hydro-fluctuation area ecologically recycling agriculture progression mode. By using the farming manure as the fertilizer and the irrigation water of the citrus, and using the waste of citrus processing or hydro-fluctuation belt pasture as the feedings of the livestock, we established a system that using the waste of the previous level as the production resource in current level. Due to this system we set up a citrus, pigs, grazing livestock, Yangtze fish and other specialty industrial that industrial symbiosis, coupling elements, the overall recycling and comprehensive utilization of industrial ecological chain in the very area. Also by building biogas project, citrus barrier forest, cut flood engineering, wetland pastures and fishery as 5-layer intercept network, we can block, absorb and digest the area source pollution. With this project we are able to increase the vegetation coverage of the reservoir bank, the income of the migrants and protect the environment of the Three Gorges Reservoirs Area.The established specialty recycling agriculture ecological demonstration area in Dachang Lake, Wushan county will cover the core area of 135 hm2. The 2 km long hydro-fluctuation area will be fully covered by the pasture and the cover ratio of the forest will be over 80 percent. The whole area will be fully covered by plants, and those wastes like farming excrement, waste straw, citrus residue will be completely reutilized and achieve the accomplishment of zero emission. Besides, the citrus yield in the demonstration area will be about 30 tons each hectare and the yield of pasture will be about 33 tons each hectare, which means that the output value per hectare will be over 150,000 Yuan. This area is showing the possibility that increasing the migrants' income and purifying the Yangtze River synchronously.