鲤病毒性疾病发生与防控的研究进展

鲤（Cyprinus carpio L.）是我国重要的水产养殖品种之一，但随着养殖密度和养殖规模的不断扩大，其养殖生态系统受到不同程度破坏，各类疾病频繁暴发，其中又以病毒性疾病的影响范围最广、死亡率最高，已成为制约鲤养殖产业可持续健康发展的瓶颈问题。文章通过综述鲤春病毒血症（Spring viraemia of carp，SVC）、锦鲤疱疹病毒病（Koi herpesvirus disease，KHVD）、鲤病毒性浮肿病（Viral edema of carp disease，VEC）和鲤痘疮病毒病（Carp pox disease，CPD）等病毒性疾病的病原生物学、发生机理、流行特点及其防控策略，发现鲤病毒性疾病仍存在诸多问题亟待深入研究，包括KHV可感染多种鲤科近缘鱼类，但为何只发展成为病毒携带者而不发病；养殖水温是否是决定病毒感染的关键因素；病毒可通过哪些途径逃避免疫监视而进入鱼体；在不同感染阶段病毒的传播方式是否存在差异等。此外，由于目前尚缺乏高效的防控方法，加强检疫和免疫防控仍是防控鲤病毒性疾病的主要手段。因此，今后要继续加强对病毒致病机理和传染途径的研究，研发新型口服疫苗载体及传送系统，并基于RNAi技术研制能有效防治病毒性疾病的药物，以确保我国鲤养殖产业的健康可持续发展。

Occurrence and prevention on virus diseases in common carp: A review

Common carp(Cyprinus carpio L.) is an important economic fish species in China.With the gradual increase of breeding range and density in aquaculture, the aquaculture ecosystems are being damaged to varying degrees, the diseases frequently break out in common carp.Among them, the influence range caused by viral diseases is the most extensive, and the mortality is the highest.It has become a bottleneck problem restricting the sustainable and healthy development of carp breeding industry.In this paper, the pathogen biology, occurrence, epidemic characters and prevention and control strategies of viral diseases in common carp such as spring viraemia of carp(SVC), koi herpesvirus disease(KHVD), viral edema of carp disease(VEC) and carp pox disease(CPD) were summarized, and the future research trends of viral diseases were prospected.There are still many problems to be further studied, such as why KHV could infect a variety of Cyprinidae related fishes, but the fish only carried virus not becoming a disease-causing? Whether the water temperature is a key factor for virus infection? How can viruses escape immune surveillance and infect fish? Whether there are differences in the transmission of viruses at different stages of infection? Since lack of effective methods to control the carp viral diseases, strengthening quarantine and immune control remains the main means of preventing and controlling viral diseases of carp.Therefore, in the future, the researchers should continue to strengthen the research on the pathogenic mechanism and transmission pathway of the virus, develop a new oral vaccine carrier and transmission system, and develop drugs that can effectively treat viral diseases based on RNAi technology, in order to ensure the healthy and sustainable development of carp breeding industry in China.