Crystal growth inhibitors for the prevention of L-cystine kidney stones through molecular design |
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Authors: | Rimer Jeffrey D An Zhihua Zhu Zina Lee Michael H Goldfarb David S Wesson Jeffrey A Ward Michael D |
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Institution: | Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Design Institute, New York University (NYU), 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003-6688, USA. |
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Abstract: | Crystallization of L-cystine is a critical step in the pathogenesis of cystine kidney stones. Treatments for this disease are somewhat effective but often lead to adverse side effects. Real-time in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals that L-cystine dimethylester (L-CDME) and L-cystine methylester (L-CME) dramatically reduce the growth velocity of the six symmetry-equivalent {100} steps because of specific binding at the crystal surface, which frustrates the attachment of L-cystine molecules. L-CDME and L-CME produce l-cystine crystals with different habits that reveal distinct binding modes at the crystal surfaces. The AFM observations are mirrored by reduced crystal yield and crystal size in the presence of L-CDME and L-CME, collectively suggesting a new pathway to the prevention of L-cystine stones by rational design of crystal growth inhibitors. |
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