北京皇家园林内廷花园植物种类考证与植物配置研究

  目的  北京皇家园林内廷花园是一种特殊的皇家园林类型，以建筑围合的花园布局突显了植物景观对山林空间营造的重要作用。本文以历史典籍为研究依据，开展以植物种类、植物配置为核心的植物造景研究，并结合内廷花园的空间布局、活动形式等进行综合的植物景观环境搭建，希望能够揭示内廷花园植物造景的基本特征与一般规律。  方法  以4处内廷花园为研究对象，对古树活本、御制诗文、图档、图像4类历史典籍进行梳理，并结合3种考据资料以“二重证据法”治史理念为引导对植物文献名、图画与图像进行学名考证，进而结合植物文化寓意进行种类应用特征分析。在结合历史典籍绘制植物配置图的基础上，对各庭院空间的种植形式、种植位置、种植空间布局结合植物种类考证结果进行频次统计与比较分析，结合聚类分析方法总结得到3类代表性的植物配置类型。  结果  （1）考证得到内廷花园栽植有19种次植物，涉及13个科、16个属。（2）内廷花园的植物种植形式有散植、对植、孤植、丛植、列植5种，其中散植应用最多，列植应用最少。（3）内廷花园的植物种植位置有平地、山石、花台3种，其中平地栽植最多，花台栽植最少。（4）内廷花园的植物空间布局有平行型、U字型、口字型、L字型、一字型5种，其中平行型最多，L字型和一字型最少。（5）结合花园的活动形式可总结得到庭院四面观赏型、庭院中心游乐型、庭院中轴引导型3种代表性植物配置类型。  结论  本研究对植物种类与植物配置进行了图示化研究与数据化统计，综合搭建了北京皇家园林内廷花园35处庭院空间的植物景观环境，可为内廷花园及传统园林植物造景研究提供参考。 

Research on plant species and plant allocation in the inner court garden of Beijing imperial gardens

Objective]The inner court garden is a special type of imperial gardens.The garden layout enclosed by buildings highlights the important role of planting in the construction of natural space.In this paper,based on the historical books,we carried out the research with plant species and plant allocation as the core,and built a comprehensive plant landscape in combination with the spatial layout and activity forms of the inner court garden,hoping to reveal the basic characteristics and general rules of plant landscaping in inner court garden.Method]Taking four inner court gardens as the research object,this paper combs four kinds of historical books,including ancient trees,imperial poems,pictures and images.Combined with three kinds of textual research data,the paper studies the scientific name of literature name,drawing and picture with the concept of“double evidence method”,and analyzes the characteristics of species application combined with the implication of plant culture.On the basis of drawing the planting in combination with historical books,this paper makes frequency statistics and comparative analysis on the planting form,planting location and planting space layout of each courtyard space combined with the research results of plant species,and summarizes three representative planting types through cluster analysis method.Result](1)There were 19 kinds of plants in inner court garden,involving 13 families and 16 genera.(2)The planting forms of inner court garden included scattered planting,coupled planting,specimen planting,clustered planting and linear planting.Among them,the application of scattered planting was the most,while that of linear planting was the least.(3)There were three kinds of planting location in the inner court garden,including courtyard,rockery and flower terrace.The courtyard type was the most,and the flower terrace type was the least.(4)The planting space layout included parallel type,U-shaped,mouth type,L-shaped and‘-’type.The parallel type was the most,while the L-shaped and‘-’type were the least.(5)Combined with the activity form of the garden,three representative planting types can be summarized:four side viewing type,central amusement type and central axis guiding type.Conclusion]This study carries out graphical research and data statistics on plant species and planting,and comprehensively builds the plant landscape of 35 courtyard spaces in inner court garden of Beijing imperial gardens,which can provide a reference for the study of planting in the inner court garden and traditional gardens.