玉米宽窄行深旋免耕精量播种机田间试验及效果

为了解决目前玉米播种机械播种质量不高,良好农艺措施与农机不配套等问题,研发了一种基于宽窄行条带深旋免耕技术的玉米精量播种机。该文对该机作业后的土壤质量、土壤含水率、玉米出苗、群体光照、根系生长和产量等性状进行了分析。结果表明:采用该机播种后,土壤耕层容重显著降低(P0.05),土壤蓄水保水能力提高,玉米的播种质量明显提高,群体整齐度增加,群体透光性明显改善,具有显著的增产作用。与普通播种机械相比,该机播种后的玉米出苗率平均提高6.2个百分点,玉米株高变异系数降低8.33%,玉米根系生长量增加15.79%,玉米生育后期的群体光能截获量明显增加,产量增加11.15%。实现了优良农艺措施与农机的有效结合。

Field experiment and effect of precise mechanical sowing of maize based on wide-narrow row deep rotation and no-tillage technology

Abstract: In the present maize production in China, the problem of agricultural machinery and agronomic technology not supporting the link of maize planting, soil tillage and maize planting has been significantly restricting the increase of maize yield levels and production capability. In order to resolve the problem that the good agronomic practices and agricultural machinery are not currently combined, a new maize planter based on wide-narrow row strip deep rotation and no-tillage technology was used in Weibei dry land in 2011 and 2012. Measured quantities were soil quality, soil moisture, maize emergence rate, field light distribution of maize groups, corn root growth number, and yield traits after this mechanical and ordinary seeder operations in spring corn field. The results show that through adopting the cultivation principle that combined strip-rotating in 40 cm narrow row with no-tillage in 80 cm wide row and integration of excellent seeding technique, deep application of fertilizer, deep rotation technology, no-tillage technology, and wide-narrow row planting technology, the machine can improve soil physical properties and maize population characteristics during the growth period. With the planter seeding, it can effectively break the plough pan and reduce soil bulk density in the 0-30 cm soil layer in narrow deep rotation rows, increasing the mass of maize root, increasing the soil water storage capacity, and significantly enhancing the quality of corn planting groups and population light transmittance. The yield of spring maize and water use efficiency significantly increased after using the planter. The soil bulk density of deep rotation row with precise mechanical sowing of maize based on wide-narrow row strip deep rotation and no-tillage technology is reduced, soil water storage in deep loosening row noticeably improved in later growth stage, soil water content of no-tillage trip with significantly raised in earlier growth stage, the seedling germination rate of maize increased 6.2 percentage points, and the plant height variation coefficient within the field at jointing period decreased 8.33% than those with the ordinary planter. As the same time, root dry weight of maize at the jointing period increased 15.79%, the light intercepted by the population of maize at the later spinning stage significantly increased 22.47%-23.45%, 1000-grain weight increased an average of 3.73%, the effective panicle number per hectare increased an average of 5.84%, and yield increased an average of 11.15% compared with ordinary machine sowing. The combination of good agronomic measures and agricultural machinery is realized in this system, and it can further promote maize grain production and farmers' income in this region.