不同耕作施肥方式对夏玉米氮素利用及土壤容重的影响

合理的耕作与施肥方式是实现作物高产高效的重要措施,为研究不同耕作及施肥方式对夏玉米氮素利用、产量和土壤容重的影响,在2016年和2017年夏玉米生长时期分别设置免耕浅施肥(T1)、深松全层施肥(T2)、新型深松两肥异位分层施肥(T3)3种耕作施肥方式。结果表明:与T1比,2种深松处理的成熟期植株干物质积累量、全氮积累量平均分别提高9.68%,13.97%,夏玉米平均增产17.20%;深松耕作处理的氮肥生产效率和农学效率较T1平均分别增加14.74%和59.95%,氮肥表观利用率平均抬升14.15个百分点;0—40 cm土壤容重降低8.54%。深松耕作方式下,与T2比,T3的成熟期植株干物质积累量、全氮积累量平均分别提高9.41%,6.28%,夏玉米平均增产9.70%,氮肥生产效率和农学效率分别增加8.59%和32.32%,氮肥表观利用率抬升14.10个百分点。与T1比,2种深松施肥方式T2和T3均显著降低土壤容重,提高夏玉米产量,促进氮肥利用。控释氮肥与深松两肥异位分层施肥(T3)相结合的方式能够更加有效地降低土壤容重,提高作物产量和氮素利用效率,是黄淮海平原区夏玉米生产中值得推荐的一种新型耕作施肥方式。

Effects of Different Tillage and Fertilization Methods on Nitrogen Utilization and Soil Bulk Density of Summer Maize

Reasonable tillage and fertilization methods are important measures to achieve the high yield and high efficiency of crops. The research work was conducted to explore the effects of different tillage and fertilization methods on nitrogen (N) utilization, yield and soil bulk density of summer maize. In 2016-2017, three treatments of tillage and fertilization were designed, including T1 (no-tillage + upper application of NPK), T2 (subsoiling + whole layer application of NPK) and T3 (application of N, P, K fertilizers to designated different soil depth with subsoiling). Compared with T1, the dry matter accumulation and total N accumulation of T2 and T3 at the mature stage increased by 9.68% and 13.97%, respectively, and the average yield of summer maize enhanced by 17.20%. Compared with T1, the N production efficiency and agronomic efficiency of T2 and T3 improved by 14.74% and 59.95%, respectively, and the apparent N utilization efficiency increased by 14.15% on average, while the soil bulk density of 0-40 cm decreased by 8.54%. Under the deep pine cultivation method, compared with T2, the dry matter and total N accumulation of T3 at the mature stage increased by 9.41% and 6.28%, respectively, and the average grain yield raised by 9.70%, the N production and agronomic efficiency of T3 increased by 8.59% and 32.32%, respectively, and the apparent N utilization efficiency increased by 14.10%. Compared with T1, T2 and T3 increased the yield of summer maize and the utilization of N fertilizer and significantly reduced soil bulk density. The combination of controlled release N fertilizer and deep pine with two-fertilizer ectopic stratified fertilization (T3) could more effectively reduce soil bulk density, increase grain yield and N use efficiency. It is a new type of tillage and fertilization method recommended of summer maize production in the Huanghuaihai Plain.