云南蔗区播期与水氮耦合对甘蔗产量和糖分影响

播期调控和水氮优化管理是提高作物产量和品质的有效措施。德宏是云南甘蔗主产区之一,属于典型的湿润蔗区,然而播期和水氮管理对该区甘蔗生产的耦合效应尚不明确。该文基于云南德宏蔗区瑞丽甘蔗试验站的大田分期播种试验数据评估了APSIM-Sugar(Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator-Sugar)模型的适应性,并应用验证后的模型进行了播期和水氮耦合对甘蔗大田生产影响的情景模拟,通过比较不同耦合方式下的蔗茎产量、蔗茎含糖量、水分和氮肥利用效率等指标差异,分析了云南德宏蔗区雨养和灌溉条件下的最优播期和水氮管理耦合方案。结果表明:APSIM-Sugar模型能够较准确的模拟云南德宏蔗区甘蔗代表品种(ROC22和YZ0551)在典型播期下的蔗茎产量和含糖量变化趋势,模拟相对均方根误差在10%以内,决定系数R~2大于0.9。播期调控和水氮优化能够为德宏蔗区的甘蔗生产提供积极影响,雨养条件下采用春植或冬植有利于甘蔗稳产和水氮高效利用,灌溉条件下采用秋植或春植有利于甘蔗高产和水氮高效利用。云南德宏等湿润蔗区旱地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,冬植蔗12月下旬播种,施用纯氮60 kg/hm~2,可获得95～100t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于19%)。水浇地甘蔗推荐种植模式为,春植蔗2月下旬播种,施用纯氮120 kg/hm~2,配合伸长期灌水360 mm,可获得近120 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于17%);秋植蔗10月下旬播种,施用纯氮180 kg/hm~2,配合分蘖期和伸长期灌水720 mm,可获得近170 t/hm~2的蔗茎产量(含糖量大于18%)。研究结果可为在云南湿润蔗区进行甘蔗生产的播期调控和水氮优化提供依据,为甘蔗高产高效种植管理决策提供参考。

Effects of sowing date, water and nitrogen coupling management on cane yield and sugar content in sugarcane region of Yunnan

Sugarcane is a staple sugar crop with a consistently large planting area in Dehong, a humid sugarcane region in Yunnan province, but data are lacking on the interaction effects of sowing date, water (rainfed and irrigated), and nitrogen management on sugarcane production. In this study, the suitability of APSIM-Sugar model (version 7.8) in a humid sugarcane region in Yunnan province was tested based on sequential sowing date experiments conducted at Ruili experimental station in Dehong. Sowing date experiments of sugarcane planting in winter were used for model calibration while sowing date experiments of sugarcane planting in spring were used for model validation. Genetic parameters for 2 sugarcane varieties YZ0551 and ROC22 were derived with trial-and-error method. Using the validated APSIM-Sugar model long-term simulation experiments were designed to evaluate the impacts of coupled sowing date, water and nitrogen management on sugarcane production in Yunnan. Three typical sowing dates were used for sugarcane planting in spring, summer, autumn and winter, i.e. February 20, March 20 and April 20 for sugarcane planting in spring, May 20, June 20 and July 20 for sugarcane planting in summer, August 20, September 20 and October 20 for sugarcane planting in autumn, November 20, December 20 and January 20 for sugarcane planting in winter. We compared different evaluation indices, such as sugarcane yield, sugar content, water, and nitrogen use efficiency, to determine optimal cultivation management options for rainfed and irrigated sugarcane production. The study results confirmed that the APSIM-Sugar model performed well in simulating sugarcane yield and sugar content with normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) less than 10% and R2 more than 0.9. Suitable sowing date and optimal management of water-nitrogen could improve significantly sugarcane yield, sugar content, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in Yunnan Province. Sufficient base fertilizer and appropriate irrigation were the 2 key factors in ensuring high sugarcane yield. However, nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly when nitrogen fertilizer was applied excessively. Especially under water limited conditions, increasing nitrogen application rate did not increase sugarcane yield, and even led to the decrease of cane yield and sugar content. Planting sugarcane under the suitable sowing date, the natural precipitation in a humid sugarcane production region could meet the water demand during seedling and maturity stages of sugarcane. Irrigation at tillering stage could improve significantly the yield of autumn and winter planting sugarcane while irrigation at elongation stage could be beneficial on the growth of sugarcane planting in spring, summer and autumn season. Water requirement of sugarcane during the whole growth period was generally 1000-1200 mm and therefore supplementary irrigation of 180-720 mm was needed for growth and development of sugarcane. Applying base fertilizer plus additional fertilizer could not improve sugarcane yield compared with applying base fertilizer only. Therefore, applying sufficient base fertilizer at sowing was conducive to cost-saving and efficiency-increasing. In order to ensure higher water-nitrogen use efficiency, the reasonable application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for rainfed sugarcane field was 60-120 kg/hm2, and that for irrigated sugarcane field was 120-180 kg/hm2. Under rainfed condition, planting in spring or winter would probably ensure stable sugarcane yield with high water use efficiency and agricultural efficiency of nitrogen. Simulations predicted sugarcane yields of about 95-100 t/hm2 and 19% sugar if planted in late February or late December with 60 kg/hm2 nitrogen and no irrigation. If irrigation was possible, sugarcane planted in spring or autumn would lead to high yield and high water use efficiency and agricultural efficiency of nitrogen. Simulations predicted sugarcane yields of about 120-170 t/hm2 and 17%-18% sugar for planting in late February or late October with 120-180 kg/hm2 nitrogen and 360-720 mm irrigation. These results provide supports for improving sugarcane high efficiency production and manage decision by optimizing sowing date, irrigation, and nitrogen management, especially in a humid sugarcane planting region of Yunnan.