Lateral Branches of the Testicular Artery Affect Testicular Shape in Adult Stallions |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL;2. Department of Veterinary Science, Animal Reproduction and Welfare, University of Agriculture, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;1. Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy;2. Uniwersytet Rolniczy Kraków, Kraków, Poland;3. Practictioner, Grosseto, Italy;1. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;2. Center for Reproductive Sciences, Institute for Reproductive Health and Regenerative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;4. Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;5. Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;6. Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA;1. CIISA, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal;2. Department of Animal Science, Coimbra College of Agriculture, Coimbra, Portugal;3. Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of PAS, Olsztyn, Poland;1. Department of Andrology and Biotechnology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30 St., 20-612 Lublin, Poland;2. Department of Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland;1. UNITRI, Uberlandia, Brazil;2. Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, the Netherlands;3. Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103 Leipzig, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The objective of this study was to investigate the arterial patterns of the stallion testis in relation to testicular shape. Two hundred and fifty-one stallion testes were evaluated for the presence of the lateral branches of the testicular artery. Seven specimens had their testicular arteries filled with latex milk, fixed in 70% alcohol, and dissected. Two hundred six specimens (82%) had a single testicular artery and no lateral branches; 39 testes (16%) had one lateral branch of the testicular artery; and six testes (2%) had two lateral branches of the testicular artery each. The lateral branches of the testicular artery obtained from the adult stallions, more than 5 years old, were associated with distinct lateral bulging, giving them a pear-like shape, whereas similar vascular pattern in young colts, less than 1 year old, did not cause similar shape change. Five distinct patterns of the branching of the testicular artery were determined. We concluded that the lateral branches of the testicular artery are present in approximately 20% of stallion testes. This anatomic pattern is associated with a lateral bulge that develops slowly over several years and is associated with a change in testicular shape from an ellipsoid in colts to a pear-like shape in adult stallions. |
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| Keywords: | Stallion Testis Testicular artery Shape Lateral branch |
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