Affiliation: | 1.Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture,Beijing,People’s Republic of China;2.Department of Plant Pathology,North Carolina State University,Raleigh,USA;3.Collaborative Innovation Center for the Modernization Production of Double Cropping Rice, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education,Jiangxi Agricultural University,Nanchang,People’s Republic of China;4.Department of Agronomy,Jiangxi Agricultural University,Nanchang,People’s Republic of China |
Abstract: | Ammonia (NH3) is an important atmospheric pollutant that threatens ecosystem and human health. Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications are a major source of atmospheric NH3. Most of current bottom-up estimates assume that the NH3 emission response to increasing N application rates is linear, and thus constant emission factors (EFs) are used. However, increasing evidence suggests that NH3 emissions increase exponentially with increasing N inputs. In the present study, we conducted a meta-analysis to generalize the relationship between N inputs and NH3 emissions. Overall, the change in EF per unit of additional N fertilizer input (ΔEF) was positive from 70 experiments with at least three N application rates, suggesting that NH3 emissions in response to increasing N additions grow at a rate higher than linear. Compared to our ΔEF model, the 10% EF model used by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change overestimated NH3 emissions when fertilizer N is applied at low levels, but underestimated NH3 emissions when N is applied in excess. Therefore, our results suggest that replacing the constant EF with the N-rate-dependent EF could improve the accuracy of NH3 emission estimates. |