以草定畜的若干理论问题研究

从某种意义上说,草原上的牲畜只吃草,所以不管是政府官员,还是牧民都是以草定畜,问题在于,不同利益人定的标准各不相同,所以如何科学地以草定畜是目前草原管理中面临的极为迫切的问题。通过对以草定畜理论的若干问题研究表明:(1)通过产草量确定的每个牧户的载畜量只是一个大概的指导指标,存在较大的误差,很难说由官方颁布的载畜量标准就是十分准确科学的载畜量标准。这是因为第一,北方干旱半干旱草原,空间上的异质性特点十分突出,甚至空间上的差异比时间上的差异还要大。这将导致在做测产样方时,由不同测量者导致的系统误差就会十分惊人;第二,遥感虽是十分有效可行的测产方式,在大尺度上的产草量计算能够相对准确,但是要细分到村甚至牧户,遥感的准确率就很难达到合理的程度。即使不考虑在样方测量上的误差,那么在由点及面的尺度转换中仍然会存在较大的误差。(2)畜产品没有建立相对完善的市场体系,即使能制定合理的载畜量标准也无法应对草原生态系统在时间上的波动性。巨大的产草量波动将导致如果严格按照载畜量标准调节牲畜数量会更加恶化牧民的市场地位,增加牧民的损失。所以,以草定畜应该采取以草质和草量综合的模式管理牲畜数目,而不应该仅仅以草的产量定畜,更不应该单凭产草量来处罚牧户。

Research on the "determine livestock carrying capacity according to grass" Theory

Livestock grazing on grassland lives on grass only, so livestock carrying capacity (LCC) is determined by forage available, no matter who provides the standard. So it is critical to correctly determine the livestock carrying capacity in the "determine livestock carrying capacity according to grass" theory (DSCC). We study the DSCC theory, and concluded that: (1)LCC provided by government is not as precise as expected. Because, firstly, the heterogeneity in grassland is very large, even spatial heterogeneity is larger than temporal heterogeneity. The systematic error is so large that the different decision makers will make quite different LCC; Secondly, though the remote sensing is very efficient way to calculate the quantity of grassland production, it is still impossible to calculate the herders' or countries' grassland production precisely enough to manage grazing in grassland. (2)At present, there are some vital shortcomings with the market economy in grassland area. Even if the LCC is made precisely enough, to control the grazing livestock quantity exactly based on LCC is impossible to put into actual implementation. The huge fluctuation of grassland production will damage herders' bargaining ability and benefit. To sum up, the DSCC theory should adopt an integrated method to determine grazing carrying capacity according to both production and quality of grassland, but not according to quantity of grass only. Moreover, it is quite wrong that punishing herders according to the official carrying capacity.