A comparison of topologies in recirculating aquaculture systems using simulation and optimization |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Universidad de Sonora, Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Av. Luis D. Colosio s/n, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, Mexico;2. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Unidad Sonora, Apdo. Postal 349, Guaymas, Sonora, 85454, Mexico;1. Craft & Hawkins, Department of Petroleum Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3207 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA;2. Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, 149 E. B. Doran Building, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA;3. Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, 2288 Gourrier Avenue, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA;1. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil;2. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, Aquidauana, Brazil;3. National University of Brasilia, Via L3, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil;4. University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 1101 T St. Schorr Center 223, Lincoln, NE 68588-0038, United States;5. Dom Bosco Catholic University, Av. Tamandaré, 6000, Campo Grande, MS 79117-010, Brazil;6. Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Av. Costa e Silva, s/no, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil;1. Caunesp – São Paulo State University, Aquaculture Center, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884–900, Brazil;2. Embrapa – Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Mid-North, Parnaíba, PI, 64200-970, Brazil;1. State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China;2. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, 361024, China;1. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;2. Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran |
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| Abstract: | Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are often designed using simplified steady-state mass balances, which fail to account for the complex dynamics that biological water treatment systems exhibit. Because of the very slow dynamics, experimental development is also difficult. We present a new, fast and robust Modelica implementation of a material balance-based dynamic simulator for fish growth, waste production and water treatment in recirculating aquaculture systems. This simulator is used together with an optimization routine based on a genetic algorithm to evaluate the performance of three different water treatment topologies, each for two fish species (Rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon) and each in both a semi-closed (no denitrification) and a fully recirculating version (with denitrification). Each case is furthermore evaluated at both saturated and supersaturated oxygen levels in the fish tank influent. The 24 cases are compared in terms of volume required to maintain an acceptable TAN concentration in the fish tank. The results indicate that the smallest volume is obtainable by introducing several bypass flows in the treatment system of a semi-closed RAS and that the gains can be significant. We also show that recycling already treated water back upstream in the treatment process degrades performance and that if one wishes to have a fully recirculating system with minimal water exchange, then the flows of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen must be carefully considered. For several of the cases, no optimum with denitrification could be found. We thus demonstrate that the best configuration and operation strategy for water treatment varies with the conditions imposed by the fish culture, illustrating the complexity of RAS plants and the importance of simulations, but also that computer-driven optimal design has the potential to increase the treatment efficiency of biofilters which could lead to cheaper plants with better water quality. |
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| Keywords: | Recirculating aquaculture Simulation Modelling Water treatment |
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