Changes in blood biomarkers in Arabian horses with Clostridium difficile-induced enterocolitis |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Al-Hofuf P.O. 400, Saudi Arabia;2. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt;3. Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Saudi Arabia;4. Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt;5. Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt;6. Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada;7. School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, St Mary''s Rd, London, W5 5RF, UK;1. Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Egypt;2. Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza, Egypt;3. Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Egypt;1. College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, China;2. Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China;1. Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan;2. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan;3. School of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan;4. Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington D.C, USA;5. Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA;1. Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44511, Egypt;2. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;3. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia 44519, Egypt;1. Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;2. State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;1. Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Departamento de Diagnóstico e Pesquisa Agropecuária, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS CEP 92990-000, Brazil;2. Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS CEP 92990-000, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | Clostridium difficile (CD) is considered a major health care problem both in developing and developed countries; frequently reported to be associated with enterocolitis and diarrhea in horses and other animals. In this study, we examined acute phase response (APR), cytokines response, neopterin (NP) procalcitonin (PCT) production and oxidative stress condition in horses and foals with C. difficile-induced enterocolitis (CDIE) and evaluated the effectiveness of these parameters as biomarkers for the disease. A total of 407 Arabian horses in 35 stables were examined between January 2017 to December 2018. Only 24 out of 407 horses showed two or more signs of CDIE. The blood level of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HP), proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL1-β), serum malondialdehyde (MDA), PCT and NPT in horses with CDIE were higher than in healthy horses. Nevertheless, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant concentration (TAC) were considerably lower in diseased horses compared to those that were healthy. The ROC curves for eleven selected blood parameters, both in healthy horses and horses with CDIE demonstrated that all examined blood markers had significant levels of differentiation between CDIE cases and healthy controls (AUC > 87.5). The data in this study suggest that the evaluation of acute-phase proteins, cytokines, PCT, NPT, and oxidative stress biomarkers may well be used as a tool for diagnosis and assessment of CDIE and in disease pathogenesis in Arabian horses. |
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| Keywords: | Haptoglobin Serum amyloid A Neopterin Oxidative stress Cytokines Procalcitonin |
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