群落多样性的研究进展(英文)

自从Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ等人（１９４３）提出群落多样性指数的概念以来，群落多样性一直是群落生态学研究的主题之一。然而，生态学家们经常为一些含糊不清的词语、概念及方法问题而感到困惑。本文结合作者近年来的科研工作，综述了群落多样性的研究进展，旨在概述该项研究的基本方法，即物种丰富度的比较、种一多度的分析及多样性指数的测定，阐明各种研究方法的基本原理及不足之处。文中指出，当前群落多样性研究存在的主要问题是：（１）多数研究者只注意到一个群落的某些部分或单个营养层次的物种，忽略分布在不同营养层次物种之间的相互作用；（２）把物种作为一个基本的生态元来测定群落多样性是不够的，因为物种在生活史中的不同阶段及其生活方式经常具有各自的生态位并在群落中起不同的作用；（３）把“种间相遇机率”作为群落多样性指数是不科学的，因为物种在群落中相遇并不意味着种间相互作用。进一步研究和解决上述问题在理论和实践上都是极其重要的。

Development of studies on the community diversity

Community diversity has been a central theme in community ecology since Fisher et al. (1943) proposed the concept of diversity index. Ecologists, however, are often puzzled by some semantic, conceptual, and technical problems contained in the literature on the study of community diversity. The present paper, based on the recent research of author, provides a review on the development of community diversity, aimed at summarizing basic approaches of this rapid expanding subject which include comparison of the species richness, analysis of the species abundance and measurement of the diversity index, elaborating the fundamental principles and corresponding drawbacks of different approaches. It has been indicated that the major problems, presented in the study of community diversity might be generalized as: (1) most researchers deal only with parts or a single trophic level of the community without taking account of all species distributed in different trophic levels of the whole community; (2) the species may not be the best ecological unit for measurements of diversity since life history stages and life forms within the species often occupy different habitats or niches and play different roles in the community;and (3) it is inappropriate to use “probability of interspecific encounter” ( PIE ) as an index of the community diversity because interspecific encounter in a community does not always mean interactions happen between species. Resolving these problems will theoretically and practically be useful for further studies on the community diversity.