北京苹果主产区果园土壤理化性状和果实品质评价分析

 2008—2009年，通过对北京苹果主产区昌平区46个成龄‘富士’苹果园土壤物理性状、养分含量及果实品质和矿质营养含量的调查，结合国内外相关指标参数进行了等级划分，分析调查果园在土壤理化性状和果实品质存在的问题。结果表明：56.14%的果园20 ~ 40 cm土层的土壤容重偏高，20%左右的果园土壤孔隙度在45%以下，15.51%的果园土壤pH大于7.5；96%以上的苹果园土壤有机质大于10.0 g · kg^-1，多数园土壤全氮、碱解氮和有效磷含量丰富，30% ~ 40%的果园土壤有效钾、钙和铁的含量偏低；76.47%果园的果实可溶性固形物含量高（14%），50%的果园需要提高果实单果质量；90%的果园果实中的氮含量高于0.30 g · kg^-1，而钙含量在80 mg · kg-1以下的果园占65%。改良土壤、调节部分果园土壤pH和20 cm土层以下土壤容重，增加土壤有效钾、钙和铁的含量等是今后果园管理的重点工作。

Evaluation and Analysis of Soil Physicochemical Characteristics and Fruit Quality in Main Apple Production Regions of Beijing

The total of 46 soil（0–40 cm）and fruit samples from fructiferous apple orchards in Changping district of Beijing were collected and classified to asses difference in the physicochemical properties of soils，soil nutrient content，fruit quality and mineral element content among different apple orchards from 2008 to 2009. The results showed that 56.14% orchard soil（20–40 cm）were higher in soil buck density，20% orchard soil porosity was under 45%，15.51% orchard soil pH was greater than 7.5. The 96% orchard soil was higher than 10.0 g · kg-1 in soil organic matter（SOM），nearly all the orchard soil were sufficient in total N，alkaline-N and available P，while 30%–40% orchard soil were low in available K，Ca and Fe. The 76.47% orchard was above 14% in soluble solids，while 50% apple orchard must be increased in per fruit mass. The 90% orchard in nitrogen content of fruit were higher than 0.30 g · kg^-1，while 65% orchard in calcium content of fruit were lower than 80 mg · kg^-1. They will be important works to improve soil conditions，reduce soil pH and soil buck density，increase soil available K，Ca and Fe in orchard soil management.