纳米抗体在真菌毒素检测中的应用

真菌毒素是由真菌产生的次生代谢产物，给人类和禽畜健康造成严重危害，且其对农产品的污染给全球经济造成重大损失。因此，控制毒素污染、毒素检测和降解的相关技术研发尤为迫切。目前农产品中真菌毒素检测和大规模筛查的常用手段是以抗体为核心材料的免疫分析技术，相比于传统的单克隆 抗体和多克隆抗体，新兴的纳米抗体具有体积小、易于体外表达、稳定性高等天然优势，因此其在真菌毒素检测技术研发中广受重视。系统总结了黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、伏马菌素、玉米赤霉烯酮和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等常见真菌毒素检测相关纳米抗体的研发进展，重点综述抗真菌毒素纳米抗体和抗独特型纳米抗体在酶联免疫吸附测定、生物发光酶联免疫分析、电化学免疫传感器和荧光共振能量转移免疫测定等不同免疫分析方法中的应用。通过比较不同检测方法中纳米抗体的半数抑制率、检测限和线性范围等性能参数，分析基于不同类型纳米抗体的检测技术的优缺点。探讨新抗体研发难度大、检测毒素种类少等亟待解决的关键问题，指出纳米抗体和真菌毒素结合机制分析、理性设计、定向进化、结合多肽的筛选和设计等前沿技术在纳米抗体设计研究中的重要方向，以期 为进一步开发基于纳米抗体的真菌毒素检测技术提供思路。

Applications of Nanobodies in Mycotoxin Detection

Mycotoxins, as secondary metabolites produced by fungi, are a common threat to food safety and are hazardous to human and livestock health. Mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products causes significant economic losses worldwide. Therefore, it is particularly urgent to develop technologies for mycotoxins detection, degradation, and controlling their contamination. Immunoassays, which use antibodies, are now commonly used for the detection and largescale screening of mycotoxins in agricultural products. As a new type of antibody, nanobodies have a small size, easy expression in vitro, and high stability compared to traditional monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Therefore, they are widely used in mycotoxin detection technologies. In this review, we summarize the development of nanobodies for common mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, fumonisin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, etc.) detection, focus on the applications of antim ycotoxin and anti-idiotypic nanobodies in the context of several immunoassay methods, mainly compare the detecti on parameters such as half inhibition rate, detection limit, and linear range. We further describe the advantages and disadvantages of detection technologies based on anti-mycotoxin and anti-idiotypic nanobodies and discuss the key issues in the development of mycotoxin detection methods, such as the difficulty of developing new nanobodies and the small number of detectable mycotoxins when using current methods. Moreover, we point out the future directions of applying rational design, directed evolution, and peptide screen and design methods to develop nanobody variants and propose potential avenues for the future development of nanobody-based mycotoxin detection technologies.