天地结合开展我国空间诱变育种研究

本文着重介绍了自 1 987年以来 ,我国空间科学家和农业生物学专家 9次利用返回式卫星、2次利用神舟号飞船和 4次利用高空气球搭载了 70多种植物近 5 0kg的种子 ,涉及粮、棉、油、蔬菜、瓜果、牧草和花卉等植物。经国内 2 2个省、市、自治区 70多个研究单位多年的地面选育 ,已培育出一批具有高产、优质、抗病经审定的新品种 1 9个 ,其中水稻新品种 5个、小麦 2个、棉花 2个、青椒 1个、番茄 1个、芝麻 1个、西瓜 3个、莲子 3个、灵芝 1个 ;另外还选育出新品系 5 0多个 ,还有一大批种质资源。在航天育种机理方面也做了不少研究工作 ,航天诱变的生物学效应 ,在细胞和分子水平上研究了航天新品种的遗传物质变异 ,地面模拟试验进行了许多研究 ,均取得了一定的进展。在全国许多省市建立了航天育种示范基地 ,累计示范推广航天新品种 (系 )面积 2 70 0 0 0hm2 ,取得了很好的科技成果和社会经济效益。我国空间诱变育种的研究工作走在世界的前列。本文还介绍了我国前 3代返回式卫星在空间科学方向所做的成果及贡献。列出前 3代返回式卫星与空间诱变育种研究相关的基本参数。报道了返回式卫星回收舱的空间环境的数据。我们还对今后空间诱变育种提出了展望。

STUDY OF SPACE MUTATION BREEDING IN CHINA

This paper described the status of space mutation breeding in China. It emphasized that since 1978 Chinese space scientists and agricultural biologists have send 50 kg seeds of more than 70 crops including cereals, cotton, oil, vegetable, fruit and pasture to the space using the facilities such as return satellite 9 times, Shenzhou aircraft twice and high balloon 4 times.New varieties of 19 with high yield, high quality and disease|resistance, have been bred though years of breeding at the earth at more than 70 Chinese research institutes in 22 provinces. The new varieties include five rice varieties, two wheat varieties, two cotton varieties, one sweat pepper, one tomato variety, one sesame variety, three water melon varieties, three lotus varieties and one ganaderma lucidum variety.In addition more than 50 new lines and many other germ plasm resources have been obtained. Study on space breeding mechanism, such as biological effect of space induction, genetic variation by cell and molecular techniques and simulated study at the earth, has been conducted, and some progresses have been achieved. Many space|breeding bases have been established in some provinces. Space varieties have been extended up to 270000 hectares, and some useful scientific achievements and social economic benefit had been made. The study of Chinese space mutation breeding is going ahead in the world. The paper also introduced the contribution and results made by return satellites of the first three generation in space science. Some basic parameters involved in the study on space mutation breeding of return satellites were listed.