崇信与毁灭:明清时期山西蝗灾的时空分布及社会应对

明清时期山西地区的蝗灾尤为突出,虽不及黄河下游的河南、山东地区严重,却也是重灾害区,且在时间和空间分布上有较强的规律性。面对蝗灾,山西地区的蝗灾防治及社会应对自成体系,存在自上而下的两条治蝗线索——直接的备灾救灾实践与间接的祈禳弭灾信仰。利益驱使下的小农会因为蝗灾的代价高昂而忽略蝗虫作为现实世界保护神的身份,对其赶尽杀绝;飞蝗蔽天难以遏制以至束手无策时,又将其高高供起。此二者虽看似逻辑矛盾(崇信还是毁灭),却在实际执行过程中并行不悖,形成明清时期山西地区乃至中国传统社会灾害防治与禳灾信仰关系处理的鲜明特色。同时,基于历史经验的治理措施,对我们今天的蝗灾防治不无启迪。

Faith and Destruction:Spatiotemporal Distribution and Social Response of Locust Plague in Shanxi During Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the Ming and Qing dynasties,the locust plague in Shanxi was especially prominent,which was a major disaster area with strong regularity in time and space distribution,though not as serious as Henan and Shandong in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.Facing the plague of locusts,the prevention and control of locusts and social response in Shanxi had their own system with two approaches from top to bottom,namely the direct disaster relief practice and the indirect faith.Small farmers driven by interests eliminated locusts,ignoring the faith of them as real-world protectors because of their high prices;When it was too difficult to contain,they were enshrined again.Both practices seemed logically contradictory,but in the actual process they formed the distinct characteristics of the relationship between disaster prevention and faith in Shanxi,and even in Chinese traditional society during Ming and Qing Dynasties.At the same time,the management measures based on historical experience have enlightenment to our locust disaster prevention and control today.