林业自然保护区生态旅游利益相关者的利益矛盾起因及对策

对全国120个林业国家级保护区问卷调查和对6个保护区实地调查后发现,在81.3%保护区生态旅游中存在利益矛盾。保护区与旅游公司、当地政府、社区间矛盾较突出,所占比例分别为:45.8%、43.8%、37.5%。现有保护区生态旅游经营模式种类过多、经营管理体制机制不完善、行政级别差距过大、生态旅游经营权的分配或旅游经营公司的隶属关系、利益相关者定位不明确以及保护区在生态旅游中缺少话语权、保护区经费短缺、未充分发挥社区在保护资源和生态旅游中的特殊作用以及缺乏参与度等是造成利益矛盾的主要原因。解决这些利益矛盾,需要准确把握利益相关者的角色定位,明确各方责任和义务,处理好生态旅游开发与保护的关系,完善相应的政策机制,须建立利益相关者参与度的量化指标、衡量标准和约束机制。

Causes and Countermeasures of Interest Contradiction in Stakeholders of Ecotourism in Forestry Nature Reserves

Based on the questionnaire investigation of 120 national-grade forestry nature reserves and the field survey of 6 nature reserves,it was found that interest contradictions existed in ecotourism in 81.3% of the forestry nature reserves,including the contradictions of nature reserve with tour companies,local governments,and communities,,which accounted for 45.8%,43.8%,and 37.5% respectively.There were many causes attributed to the interests contradictions,such as diversified management models,imperfect operation and management mechanisms,great gap in administrative levels,distribution of ecotourism management rights or affiliation of the tour companies,indistinct orientation of stakeholders,insufficient right to speak in ecotourism of nature reserves,funds shortage of nature reserves and lack of community participation and function in the protection of resources and ecotourism,etc.It was suggested that,in order to resolve the interest contradictions,it was necessary to correctly define the role orientation of stakeholders with clarified responsibilities and obligations,appropriately handle the relationship between the development and protection of ecotourism resource,improve corresponding policy mechanism,establish the quantitative indices of stakeholder participation and set up the measurement and restrain mechanism.